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Because ammonia production depends on a reliable supply of energy, fossil fuels are often used, contributing to climate change when they are combusted and create greenhouse gasses. [13] Ammonia production also introduces nitrogen into the Earth's nitrogen cycle, causing imbalances that contribute to environmental issues such as algae blooms.
Hydrogen can also be produced from water and electricity using electrolysis: at one time, most of Europe's ammonia was produced from the Hydro plant at Vemork. Other possibilities include biological hydrogen production or photolysis, but at present, steam reforming of natural gas is the most economical means of mass-producing hydrogen.
Ammonia is produced biologically in a process called nitrogen fixation, but even more is generated industrially by the Haber process. The process helped revolutionize agriculture by providing cheap fertilizers. The global industrial production of ammonia in 2021 was 235 million tonnes.
The ammonia produced industrially by the Haber process amounted to an enormous 198 million tons in 2012, with the vast majority of the ammonia product going toward the production of fertilizer ...
In the 1870s, ammonia was an unwanted byproduct of making manufactured gas. Its importance emerged later, and in the 1900s the industry modified their facilities to produce it from coke. Still, production could not meet demand. [25] In 1900, Chile, with its deposits of saltpeter, produced two-thirds of all fertilizer on the planet. [26]
In the early decades of the 20th century, the Nobel prize-winning chemists Carl Bosch of IG Farben and Fritz Haber developed the Haber process [15] which utilized molecular nitrogen (N 2) and methane (CH 4) gas in an economically sustainable synthesis of ammonia (NH 3). The ammonia produced in the Haber process is the main raw material of the ...
The Ostwald process is a mainstay of the modern chemical industry, and it provides the main raw material for the most common type of fertilizer production. [2] Historically and practically, the Ostwald process is closely associated with the Haber process, which provides the requisite raw material, ammonia (NH 3). This method is preferred over ...
Ammonium nitrate, a specific component of fine particle air pollution primarily produced by agricultural emissions, is associated with decreased learning and memory performance in children aged ...