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The glycerol phosphate shuttle was first characterized as a major route of mitochondrial hydride transport in the flight muscles of blow flies. [5] [6] It was initially believed that the system would be inactive in mammals due to the predominance of lactate dehydrogenase activity over glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase 1 (GPD1) [5] [7] until high GPD1 and GPD2 activity were demonstrated in ...
[1] An example of this is seen in the case of Williams syndrome, a neurodevelopmental disorder caused by the haploinsufficiency of genes at 7q11.23. The haploinsufficiency is caused by the copy-number variation (CNV) of 28 genes led by the deletion of ~1.6 Mb. These dosage-sensitive genes are vital for human language and constructive cognition.
Definite evidence of Late Cretaceous sauropods in North America was first discovered in 1922, when Charles Whitney Gilmore described Alamosaurus sanjuanensis. [1] The term "sauropod hiatus" was coined by researchers Spencer G. Lucas and Adrian P. Hunt in 1989 to describes how fossils of the clade become scarce in western North America near the beginning of the Late Cretaceous.
Phosphorus is found in many organic molecules, and so, phosphorus-32 has many applications in medicine, biochemistry, and molecular biology where it can be used to trace phosphorylated molecules (for example, in elucidating metabolic pathways) and radioactively label DNA and RNA.
[4] [5] [6] Pattern formation is genetically controlled, and often involves each cell in a field sensing and responding to its position along a morphogen gradient, followed by short distance cell-to-cell communication through cell signaling pathways to refine the initial pattern. In this context, a field of cells is the group of cells whose ...
In biology, an effector is a general term that can refer to several types of molecules or cells depending on the context: Small molecule effectors. A small molecule that selectively binds to a protein to regulate its biological activity can be called an effector.
Homeotic protein bicoid concentration gradient patterns the anterior-posterior (A-P) axis during Drosophila embryogenesis. Bicoid was the first protein demonstrated to act as a morphogen . [ 2 ] Although bicoid is important for the development of Drosophila and other higher dipterans, [ 3 ] it is absent from most other insects, where its role ...
Herpes simplex virus 1 and 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2) Herpes simplex: Based on symptoms, PCR, viral culture: Aciclovir, valaciclovir, paracetamol (acetaminophen), topical lidocaine No Histoplasma capsulatum: Histoplasmosis: Histoplasmosis can be diagnosed by samples containing the fungus taken from sputum (via bronchoalveolar lavage), blood, or ...