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The structure of the molecule of urea is O=C(−NH 2) 2.The urea molecule is planar when in a solid crystal because of sp 2 hybridization of the N orbitals. [8] [9] It is non-planar with C 2 symmetry when in the gas phase [10] or in aqueous solution, [9] with C–N–H and H–N–H bond angles that are intermediate between the trigonal planar angle of 120° and the tetrahedral angle of 109.5°.
Nitrification is important in agricultural systems, where fertilizer is often applied as ammonia. Conversion of this ammonia to nitrate increases nitrogen leaching because nitrate is more water-soluble than ammonia. Nitrification also plays an important role in the removal of nitrogen from municipal wastewater.
Urea nitrate is produced in one step by reaction of urea with nitric acid. This is an exothermic reaction, so steps must be taken to control the temperature. It was discovered in 1797 by William Cruickshank, [4] inventor of the Chloralkali process. Urea nitrate explosions may be initiated using a blasting cap. [3]
Putrefying bacteria use amino acids or urea as an energy source to decompose dead organisms. In the process, they produce ammonium ions. Nitrifying bacteria then convert this ammonium into nitrate by oxidation, which can then be used by plants to create more proteins thus completing the nitrogen cycle. [6] This process is called nitrification.
Example conversion factors, known as N factors, for foods range from 6.38 for dairy and 6.25 for meat, eggs, maize (corn) and sorghum to 5.83 for most grains; 5.95 for rice, 5.70 for wheat flour, and 5.46 for peanuts. [7] In practice, 6.25 is used for almost all food and feed regardless of applicability.
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Synthetic nitrogen fertilizers, such as ammonium nitrate and urea, are commonly applied to crops to replenish soil nitrogen levels and enhance crop productivity [3] These fertilizers provide readily available nitrogen for plant uptake, thereby promoting vigorous vegetative growth and improving yields.
The additional urea tons will be converted into and sold as diesel exhaust fluid (DEF) to Yara North America Inc., and the sales are expected to provide an incremental increase to Rentech Nitrogen ...