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A signed graph is the special kind of gain graph in which the gain group has order 2. The pair (G, B(Σ)) determined by a signed graph Σ is a special kind of biased graph. The sign group has the special property, not shared by larger gain groups, that the edge signs are determined up to switching by the set B(Σ) of balanced cycles. [19]
The 1980 monograph Spectra of Graphs [16] by Cvetković, Doob, and Sachs summarised nearly all research to date in the area. In 1988 it was updated by the survey Recent Results in the Theory of Graph Spectra. [17] The 3rd edition of Spectra of Graphs (1995) contains a summary of the further recent contributions to the subject. [15]
Spectral geometry is a field in mathematics which concerns relationships between geometric structures of manifolds and spectra of canonically defined differential operators. The case of the Laplace–Beltrami operator on a closed Riemannian manifold has been most intensively studied, although other Laplace operators in differential geometry ...
The spectrum of T is the set of all complex numbers ζ such that R ζ fails to exist or is unbounded. Often the spectrum of T is denoted by σ(T). The function R ζ for all ζ in ρ(T) (that is, wherever R ζ exists as a bounded operator) is called the resolvent of T. The spectrum of T is therefore the complement of the resolvent set of T in ...
This second branch of algebraic graph theory is related to the first, since the symmetry properties of a graph are reflected in its spectrum. In particular, the spectrum of a highly symmetrical graph, such as the Petersen graph, has few distinct values [ 1 ] (the Petersen graph has 3, which is the minimum possible, given its diameter).
In some definitions the same property should also be true for all subgraphs of the given graph. spectral spectrum The spectrum of a graph is the collection of eigenvalues of its adjacency matrix. Spectral graph theory is the branch of graph theory that uses spectra to analyze graphs. See also spectral expansion. split 1.
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A graph with three vertices and three edges. A graph (sometimes called an undirected graph to distinguish it from a directed graph, or a simple graph to distinguish it from a multigraph) [4] [5] is a pair G = (V, E), where V is a set whose elements are called vertices (singular: vertex), and E is a set of unordered pairs {,} of vertices, whose elements are called edges (sometimes links or lines).