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TORCH syndrome is a cluster of symptoms caused by congenital infection with toxoplasmosis, rubella, cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex, and other organisms including syphilis, parvovirus, and Varicella zoster. [1] Zika virus is considered the most recent member of TORCH infections. [2]
Zika fever, also known as Zika virus disease or simply Zika, is an infectious disease caused by the Zika virus. [1] Most cases have no symptoms, but when present they are usually mild and can resemble dengue fever. [1] [4] Symptoms may include fever, red eyes, joint pain, headache, and a maculopapular rash.
[67] [68] [69] Congenital brain abnormalities other than microcephaly have also been reported after a Zika outbreak. [70] Studies in mice have suggested that maternal immunity to dengue virus may enhance fetal infection with Zika, worsen the microcephaly phenotype and/or enhance damage during pregnancy, but it is unknown whether this occurs in ...
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Zika virus is an arthropod-borne virus transmitted by mosquitos, and infection during pregnancy can lead to severe congenital abnormalities in a newborn. Congenital infection can lead to fetal growth restriction and CNS abnormalities, including microcephaly , ventriculomegaly and intracranial calcifications.
The spread of Aedes mosquito-borne Zika virus has been implicated in increasing levels of congenital microcephaly by the International Society for Infectious Diseases and the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. [47] Zika can spread from a pregnant woman to her fetus. This can result in other severe brain malformations and birth defects.
Congenital Zika syndrome (CZS), may occur when there is vertical transmission of the Zika virus to the fetus. [8] Myasthenia gravis of the mother leads also in rare cases to arthrogryposis. The major cause in humans is fetal akinesia ; however, this is disputed lately.
A congenital malformation is a physical anomaly that is deleterious, i.e. a structural defect perceived as a problem. A typical combination of malformations affecting more than one body part is referred to as a malformation syndrome. [citation needed] Some conditions are due to abnormal tissue development: