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In evolutionary psychology, people often speak of the four Fs which are said to be the four basic and most primal drives (motivations or instincts) that animals (including humans) are evolutionarily adapted to have, follow, and achieve: fighting, fleeing, feeding and mating (a more polite synonym of the word "fucking"). [1]
The term autopoiesis (from Greek αὐτo-(auto) 'self' and ποίησις 'creation, production') refers to a system capable of producing and maintaining itself by creating its own parts. [1] The term was introduced in the 1972 publication Autopoiesis and Cognition: The Realization of the Living by Chilean biologists Humberto Maturana and ...
The term refers mainly to humans, many other animals, and fungi, whereas for example, bacteria, perennial plants and some simple animals are potentially biologically immortal. [1] In a broader sense, ageing can refer to single cells within an organism which have ceased dividing , or to the population of a species .
The term "psychobiology" has been used in a variety of contexts, emphasizing the importance of biology, which is the discipline that studies organic, neural and cellular modifications in behavior, plasticity in neuroscience, and biological diseases in all aspects, in addition, biology focuses and analyzes behavior and all the subjects it is ...
The term is often used in contrast to hierarchy, i.e. a vertical arrangement of entities (systems and their subsystems), usually ordered from the top downwards rather than from the bottom upwards. Holarchy : A concept invented by Arthur Koestler to describe behavior that is partly a function of individual nature and partly a function of the ...
Systems psychology is a branch of both theoretical psychology and applied psychology that studies human behaviour and experience as complex systems. It is inspired by systems theory and systems thinking , and based on the theoretical work of Roger Barker , Gregory Bateson , Humberto Maturana and others. [ 1 ]
These systems rely upon an assumption that the psychophysiological measure is an accurate one-to-one representation of a relevant psychological dimension such as mental effort, task engagement and frustration. Physiological computing systems all contain an element that may be termed as an adaptive controller that may be used to represent the ...
However, this meaning was contested, notably by radical behaviorists such as John B. Watson, who in 1913 asserted that the discipline is a natural science, the theoretical goal of which "is the prediction and control of behavior." [15] Since James defined "psychology", the term more strongly implicates scientific experimentation.