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These conjugated bile acids are often referred to as bile salts. The pKa of the unconjugated bile acids are between 5 and 6.5, [ 4 ] and the pH of the duodenum ranges between 3 and 5, so when unconjugated bile acids are in the duodenum, they are almost always protonated (HA form), which makes them relatively insoluble in water.
Chronic diarrhea may be caused by excess bile salts entering the colon rather than being absorbed at the end of the small intestine (the ileum). This condition of bile acid malabsorption occurs after surgery to the ileum , in Crohn's disease , with a number of other gastrointestinal causes, or is commonly a primary, idiopathic condition.
Bile acid malabsorption (BAM), known also as bile acid diarrhea, is a cause of several gut-related problems, the main one being chronic diarrhea.It has also been called bile acid-induced diarrhea, cholerheic or choleretic enteropathy, bile salt diarrhea or bile salt malabsorption.
In the human liver, bile is composed of 97–98% water, 0.7% bile salts, 0.2% bilirubin, 0.51% fats (cholesterol, fatty acids, and lecithin), and 200 meq/L inorganic salts. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] The two main pigments of bile are bilirubin , which is orange-yellow, and its oxidised form biliverdin , which is green.
Bile salt hydrolases are members of the N-terminal nucleophilic hydrolase family, characterized by autocatalytic activation by an N-terminal nucleophile and subsequent amide bond cleavage. [ 2 ] [ 5 ] The majority of BSH enzymes are composed of homotetramers , although they have been known to assume other forms including homodimers and ...
The Mayo Clinic diet was created by weight management practitioners at the Mayo Clinic and was designed as a lifestyle change program to promote gradual and sustained weight loss, says Melissa ...
Without bile acids, this pathway would have a hard time occurring, which would lead to fat malabsorption and make steatorrhea more probable to occur. [2] Other features of fat malabsorption may also occur such as reduced bone density, difficulty with vision under low light levels, bleeding, bruising, and slow blood clotting times.
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