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Bioenergetic systems are metabolic processes that relate to the flow of energy in living organisms. Those processes convert energy into adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which is the form suitable for muscular activity. There are two main forms of synthesis of ATP: aerobic, which uses oxygen from the bloodstream, and anaerobic, which does not.
The lactic anaerobic system, which features anaerobic glycolysis. [12] High energy phosphates are stored in limited quantities within muscle cells. Anaerobic glycolysis exclusively uses glucose (and glycogen) as a fuel in the absence of oxygen, or more specifically, when ATP is needed at rates that exceed those provided by aerobic metabolism.
Aerobic exercise, also known as cardio, is physical exercise [1] of low to high intensity that depends primarily on the aerobic energy-generating process. [2] " Aerobic" is defined as "relating to, involving, or requiring oxygen", [ 3 ] and refers to the use of oxygen to meet energy demands during exercise via aerobic metabolism adequately. [ 4 ]
The anaerobic glycolysis (lactic acid) system is dominant from about 10–30 seconds during a maximal effort. It produces 2 ATP molecules per glucose molecule, [3] or about 5% of glucose's energy potential (38 ATP molecules). [4] [5] The speed at which ATP is produced is about 100 times that of oxidative phosphorylation. [1]
The 3 energy systems involved in exercise are the Phosphogenic, Anaerobic and Aerobic energy pathways. [4] The simultaneous action of these three energy pathways prioritizes one specific pathway over the others depending on the type of exercise an individual is partaking in.
Anaerobic respiration is used by microorganisms, either bacteria or archaea, in which neither oxygen (aerobic respiration) nor pyruvate derivatives (fermentation) is the final electron acceptor. Rather, an inorganic acceptor such as sulfate ( SO 2− 4 ), nitrate ( NO − 3 ), or sulfur (S) is used. [ 16 ]
The blood lactate concentration at the anaerobic threshold is called the "maximum steady-state lactate concentration" (MLSS). [8] AeT is the exercise intensity at which anaerobic energy pathways start to operate, considered to be around 65-85% of an individual's maximum heart rate. [2]
Many researchers have used a 30-sec Wingate, [9] [10] while others have lengthened the duration to 60-sec [11] or even 120-sec. [12] The main purpose of this alteration is to more fully stress both the alactic and lactic anaerobic energy systems, which are the main source of energy for the first two minutes of exercise. [1]