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This model truncates at degree 12 (168 coefficients) with an approximate spatial resolution of 3,000 kilometers. It is the model used by the United States Department of Defense , the Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom) , the United States Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), and the ...
Two pairs of gauge transformed potentials (φ, A) and (φ′, A′) are called gauge equivalent, and the freedom to select any pair of potentials in its gauge equivalence class is called gauge freedom. Again by the Poincaré lemma (and under its assumptions), gauge freedom is the only source of indeterminacy, so the field formulation is ...
Adolf Friedrich Karl Schmidt (July 23, 1860 – October 17, 1944) was a German geophysicist who examined geomagnetism. He was involved in both experimental studies and in theoretical work on geomagnetism.
The official planetary K p-index is derived by calculating a weighted average of K-indices from a network of 13 geomagnetic observatories at mid-latitude locations.Since these observatories do not report their data in real-time, various operations centers around the globe estimate the index based on data available from their local network of observatories.
Magmatism is the emplacement of magma within and at the surface of the outer layers of a terrestrial planet, which solidifies as igneous rocks. It does so through magmatic activity or igneous activity, the production, intrusion and extrusion of magma or lava. Volcanism is the surface expression of magmatism.
The earliest ideas on the nature of magnetism are attributed to Thales (c. 624 BC – c. 546 BC). [1] [2] In classical antiquity, little was known about the nature of magnetism. No sources mention the two poles of a magnet or its tendency to point northward. There were two main theories about the origins of magnetism.
In the NFC, the Detroit Lions are on course for the No. 1 seed as they enjoy a historic season to march to the postseason.. And the Philadelphia Eagles will also be in the playoffs after a long ...
Venus and Mars do not have a planetary magnetic field and do not have a magnetopause. The solar wind interacts with the planet's atmosphere [12] and a void is created behind the planet. In the case of the Earth's moon and other bodies without a magnetic field or atmosphere, the body's surface interacts with the solar wind and a void is created ...