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After World War II, many countries adopted policies of economic liberalization in order to stimulate their economies.. The period directly after the war did not see many, the most notable exception being" West Germany's reforms of 1948, which set the stage for the Wirtschaftswunder in the 1950s and helped inform many of the liberalisations that were to come.
A common market is seen as a stage of economic integration towards an economic union [8] or possibly towards the goal of a unified market.. A single market is a type of trade bloc in which most trade barriers have been removed (for goods) with some common policies on product regulation, and freedom of movement of the factors of production (capital and labour) and of enterprise and services.
The Economic Development of France and Germany: 1815-1914 (1921) online, a famous classic, filled with details. Clark, Christopher. Iron Kingdom: The Rise and Downfall of Prussia, 1600-1947 (2006) Curi, Luiz Felipe Bruzzi, and Ian Coelho de Souza Almeida. "Beyond the Sonderweg: defining political economy in 19th-century Germany."
BERLIN (Reuters) -Germany's main political parties were unveiling their manifestos on Tuesday, offering competing visions to lift Europe's largest economy out of the doldrums while fighting off a ...
The economy of the German Democratic Republic (East Germany; GDR, DDR) was a command economy following the model of the Soviet Union based on the principles of Marxism-Leninism. Sharing many characteristics with fellow COMECON member states — the East German economy stood in stark contrast to the market and mixed economies of Western Europe ...
From the late 1950s, West Germany had one of the world's strongest economies. The East German economy also showed strong growth, but not as much as in West Germany, due to the bureaucratic system, emigration of working-age East Germans to West Germany, and materiel sent as reparations to the USSR. Unemployment hit a record low of 0.7–0.8% in ...
The Foreign policy of East Germany was characterized by the close ties of East Germany (German Democratic Republic, GDR) to the Eastern Bloc. During its existence, the most important partner was the Soviet Union (USSR), which acted as a protecting power and most important trade and economic partner, which is why the GDR was often called a ...
Germany is a pioneer research centre for nanotechnology and materials engineering. [153] Germany's achievements in sciences have been significant, and research and development efforts form an integral part of the economy. [154] Germany is also one of the leading countries in developing and using green technologies.