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Scarlet fever, also known as scarlatina, is an infectious disease caused by Streptococcus pyogenes, a Group A streptococcus (GAS). [3] It most commonly affects children between five and 15 years of age. [1] The signs and symptoms include a sore throat, fever, headache, swollen lymph nodes, and a characteristic rash. [1]
Scarlet fever is also a non-invasive infection caused by GAS, although much less common. The invasive infections caused by Group A β-hemolytic streptococcus tend to be more severe and less common. These occurs when the bacterium is able to infect areas where bacteria are not usually found, such as blood and organs. [8]
[9] [10] Common symptoms include fever, sore throat, red tonsils, and enlarged lymph nodes in the front of the neck. A headache and nausea or vomiting may also occur. [11] Some develop a sandpaper-like rash which is known as scarlet fever. [2] Symptoms typically begin one to three days after exposure and last seven to ten days. [2] [3] [11]
The first stage of scarlet fever is typically strep throat (streptococcal pharyngitis) characterized by sore throat, fever, headache and sometimes nausea and vomiting. In two to three days, this is followed by the appearance of a diffuse erythematous rash that has a sandpaper texture.
Rheumatic fever, a disease that affects the joints, kidneys, and heart valves, is a consequence of untreated strep A infection caused not by the bacterium itself, but due to the antibodies created by the immune system to fight off the infection cross-reacting with other proteins in the body. This "cross-reaction" causes the body to essentially ...
White strawberry tongue is seen in early scarlet fever (a systemic infection of group A β- hemolytic streptococci), [26] and red strawberry tongue occurs later, after 4–5 days. [8] Strawberry tongue is also seen in Kawasaki disease (a vasculitic disorder primarily occurring in children under 5), [ 27 ] [ 28 ] and toxic shock syndrome . [ 29 ]
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Scarlet fever spreads through respiratory droplets and children between the ages of 5 and 15 years were most affected by scarlet fever. [53] Scarlet fever had several epidemic phases, and around 1825 to 1885 outbreaks began to recur cyclically and often highly fatal. [54] In the mid-19th century, the mortality caused by scarlet fever rose in ...