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The American Steel Industry, 1850–1970: A Geographical Interpretation (1973) (ISBN 0198232144) Whaples, Robert. "Andrew Carnegie", EH.Net Encyclopedia of Economic and Business History online; U.S. Steel's History of U.S. Steel; Urofsky, Melvin I. Big Steel and the Wilson Administration: A Study in Business-Government Relations (1969) Spiegel ...
The Steel Industry of China: Its Present Status and Future Potential (1999) Hogan, William T. Minimills and Integrated Mills: A Comparison of Steelmaking in the United States (1987) Meny, Yves. Politics of Steel: Western Europe and the Steel Industry in the Crisis Years (1974–1984) (1986) Scheuerman, William.
Graph of US iron and steel production, 1900–2014, data from USGS. The US iron and steel industry has paralleled the industry in other countries in technological developments. In the 1800s, the US switched from charcoal to coke in ore smelting, adopted the Bessemer process, and saw the rise of very large integrated steel mills.
American Metal Market (AMM) is an online provider of industry news and metal pricing information for the U.S. steel, nonferrous and scrap markets. Products include a daily publication available electronically, live news on the publication's website, a hard-copy magazine and a series of weekly newsletters covering niche markets.
Steel is an alloy composed of between 0.2 and 2.0 percent carbon, with the balance being iron. From prehistory through the creation of the blast furnace, iron was produced from iron ore as wrought iron, 99.82–100 percent Fe, and the process of making steel involved adding carbon to iron, usually in a serendipitous manner, in the forge, or via the cementation process.
For each commodity they quote a range (low and high price) which reflect the buying and selling about 9-fold due to China's transition from light to heavy industry and its focus on manufacturing. [2] China became the world's largest consumer of iron ore in 2003, [ 3 ] and accounts for over half of global metal consumption.) [ 4 ]
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In 2008, 2009, 2015 and 2016 output fell in the majority of steel-producing countries as a result of the global recession. In 2010 and 2017, it started to rise again. Crude steel production contracted in all regions in 2019 except in Asia and the Middle East. India is the 2nd leading producer of iron and steel industries. [citation needed]