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Anti-transglutaminase antibodies (ATA) are autoantibodies against the transglutaminase protein. Detection is considered abnormal, and may indicate one of several conditions . Antibodies serve an important role in the immune system by detecting cells and substances that the rest of the immune system then eliminates.
Anti-transglutaminase antibodies result in a form of gluten sensitivity in which a cellular response to Triticeae glutens that are crosslinked to tTG are able to stimulate transglutaminase specific B-cell responses that eventually result in the production of anti-transglutaminase antibodies IgA and IgG.
The IgG antibody is similar to AGA IgA, but is found at higher levels in patients with the IgA-less phenotype. It is also associated with coeliac disease and non-celiac gluten sensitivity. [5] [6] [7] Anti-gliadin antibodies are frequently found with anti-transglutaminase antibodies.
If all these antibodies are negative, then anti-DGP antibodies (antibodies against deamidated gliadin peptides) should be determined. IgG class anti-DGP antibodies may be useful in people with IgA deficiency. In children younger than two years, anti-DGP antibodies perform better than anti-endomysial and anti-transglutaminase antibodies tests. [8]
Persons suspected of having celiac disease may undergo serological testing for IgA anti-tissue transglutaminase antibodies (abbreviated anti-tTG antibodies or anti-TG2 antibodies) and anti-endomysial antibodies (abbreviated EMA) provided the IgA-level is high, and if IgA is low, testing for certain IgG antibodies; in case of positive ...
Anti-enterocyte antibodies Probable Rare [24] Autoimmune hepatitis: Liver: ANA, ASMA, anti-LKM1 Confirmed 1 in 10,000 to 1 in 50,000 [25] Celiac disease: Small intestine: Anti-tissue transglutaminase antibodies (tTG), Endomysial antibody (EMA), Deamidated gliadin peptide (DGP) Confirmed 1 in 100 [26] Crohn's disease: Digestive tract
The endomysium, meaning within the muscle, is a wispy layer of areolar connective tissue that ensheaths each individual muscle fiber, or muscle cell. [1] [2] [3] It also contains capillaries and nerves.
Tests for the antibodies in the blood can be used clinically to help screen for celiac disease, IgA blood tests for both tTG and endomysial tTG can be effective ways to determine whether someone has Celiac disease, especially in more severe cases, although for more common, mild forms of Celiac, these tests are less effective.