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Since the conditions of the reaction are rather forcing, protecting groups are often used to pacify other parts of the reacting molecules (e.g. other alcohols, amines, etc.) The Williamson ether synthesis is a common organic reaction in industrial synthesis and in undergraduate teaching laboratories.
Alexander Williamson. Williamson is credited for his research on the formation of unsymmetrical ethers by the interaction of an alkoxide with a haloalkane, known as the Williamson ether synthesis. He regarded ethers and alcohols as substances analogous to and built up on the same type as water, and he further introduced the water-type as a ...
Alcohols alkylate to give ethers: + ′ ′ When the alkylating agent is an alkyl halide, the conversion is called the Williamson ether synthesis. Alcohols are also good alkylating agents in the presence of suitable acid catalysts.
Bis-aryl ethers (such as diphenyl ether) cannot be synthesized through the Williamson ether synthesis, however, as aryl halides cannot undergo nucleophilic substitution. As such, an Ullmann condensation can be employed: an aryl halide is able to react with phenol (or its derivatives) to form a bis-aryl ether in the presence of a copper-based ...
Williamson ether synthesis; R−Br + OR' − → R−OR' + Br − (S N 2) The Wenker synthesis, a ring-closing reaction of aminoalcohols. The Finkelstein reaction, a halide exchange reaction. Phosphorus nucleophiles appear in the Perkow reaction and the Michaelis–Arbuzov reaction. The Kolbe nitrile synthesis, the reaction of alkyl halides ...
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Alkoxides, although generally not stable in protic solvents such as water, occur widely as intermediates in various reactions, including the Williamson ether synthesis. [1] [2] Transition metal alkoxides are widely used for coatings and as catalysts. [3] [4]
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