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The ductus arteriosus, also called the ductus Botalli, named after the Italian physiologist Leonardo Botallo, is a blood vessel in the developing fetus connecting the trunk of the pulmonary artery to the proximal descending aorta. It allows most of the blood from the right ventricle to bypass the fetus's fluid-filled non-functioning lungs.
In the fetus, there is a special connection between the pulmonary artery and the aorta, called the ductus arteriosus. [2] Because the aorta has lower pressure than the pulmonary artery, most of the blood flows across the ductus arteriosus away from the lungs. [1]
The ductus arteriosus connects at a junction point that has a low pressure zone (commonly called Bernoulli's principle) created by the inferior curvature (inner radius) of the artery. This low pressure region allows the artery to receive ( siphon ) the blood flow from the pulmonary artery which is under a higher pressure.
Functional closure of the ductus arteriosus occurs within the first 24 hours, with permanent closure following within 4 weeks. Lastly cardiac output increases to nearly double what it was in utero. All of these cardiovascular system changes result in the adaptation from fetal circulation patterns to an adult circulation pattern.
The lungs also start to release a small peptide called bradykinin which constricts the smooth muscle wall of the ductus arteriosus and sort of helps the process along. Within the first day the ductus arteriosus usually starts clamping shut, and within 3 weeks, it’s completely closed off and turned into the ligamentum arteriosum.
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This embryonic process is necessary for the future stability of the mature vascular network. [2] Vasculogenesis is the initial establishment of the components of the blood vessel network, or vascular tree. This is dictated by genetic factors and has no inherent function other than to lay down the preliminary outline of the circulatory system.
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