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The highest-risk types are HPV 16 and 18; these are responsible for the vast majority of HPV-related cancers, including cancers of the cervix, vagina, vulva, penis, anus, and head and neck.
Researchers explain these recent data by an increase in oral sex. This type of cancer is more common in men than in women. [78] The mutational profile of HPV-positive and HPV-negative head and neck cancer has been reported, further demonstrating that they are fundamentally distinct diseases. [79]
Human papillomavirus (HPV)-associated oropharyngeal cancer awareness and prevention is a vital concept from a public and community health perspective. HPV is the sexually transmitted virus that is known to be the cause of genital warts. There are currently more than 100 different strains of HPV, half of which can cause genital infections. [1]
HPV+OPC presents in one of four ways: as an asymptomatic abnormality in the mouth found by the patient or a health professional such as a dentist; with local symptoms such as pain or infection at the site of the tumor; with difficulties of speech, swallowing, and/or breathing; or as a swelling in the neck (if the cancer has spread to lymph nodes).
A description of human papillomavirus (HPV) by electron microscopy was given in 1949, and HPV-DNA was identified in 1963. [165] It was not until the 1980s that HPV was identified in cervical cancer tissue. [166] It has since been demonstrated that HPV is implicated in virtually all cervical cancers. [167]
Papillomaviridae is a family of non-enveloped DNA viruses whose members are known as papillomaviruses. [1] Several hundred species of papillomaviruses, traditionally referred to as "types", [2] have been identified infecting all carefully inspected mammals, [2] but also other vertebrates such as birds, snakes, turtles and fish.
In England, the NHS cervical screening programme is available to women aged 25 to 64; women aged 25 to 49 receive an invitation every 3 years and women aged 50 to 64 receive an invitation every 5 years to undergo HPV testing. [15] [16] If there is a positive HPV test result, then patients undergo further cytology (Pap smear). [15]
A Radiographer explains an x-ray to a coal miner participating in screening. Patient education can include explaining the results of diagnostic tests. Patient education is a planned interactive learning process designed to support and enable expert patients [1] to manage their life with a disease and/or optimise their health and well-being. [2] [3]