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  2. Mesomeric effect - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesomeric_effect

    The mesomeric effect as a result of p-orbital overlap (resonance) has absolutely no effect on this inductive effect, as the inductive effect has purely to do with the electronegativity of the atoms and their topology in the molecule (which atoms are connected to which). Specifically the inductive effect is the tendency for the substituents to ...

  3. Inductive effect - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inductive_effect

    The effect of the sigma electron displacement towards the more electronegative atom by which one end becomes positively charged and the other end negatively charged is known as the inductive effect. The - I effect is a permanent effect & generally represented by an arrow on the bond.

  4. Yukawa–Tsuno equation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yukawa–Tsuno_equation

    The Hammett substituent constant, σ, is composed of two independent terms: an inductive effect σ I and a resonance polar effect σ R.These components represent the consequences of the presence of a particular substituent on reactivity through sigma and pi bonds, respectively.

  5. Electron-withdrawing group - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron-withdrawing_group

    An electron-withdrawing group (EWG) is a group or atom that has the ability to draw electron density toward itself and away from other adjacent atoms. [1] This electron density transfer is often achieved by resonance or inductive effects.

  6. Field effect (chemistry) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_effect_(chemistry)

    Field effect on a carbonyl arising from the formal charge on N in a quaternary ammonium salt. A field effect is the polarization of a molecule through space. The effect is a result of an electric field produced by charge localization in a molecule. [1]

  7. Taft equation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taft_equation

    Polar substituent constants describe the way a substituent will influence a reaction through polar (inductive, field, and resonance) effects. To determine σ * Taft studied the hydrolysis of methyl esters (RCOOMe). The use of ester hydrolysis rates to study polar effects was first suggested by Ingold in 1930. [6]

  8. Swain–Lupton equation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swain–Lupton_equation

    Field effects, F, are defined to include all effects (inductive and pure field). Likewise, effects due to resonance, R, are due to the average of electron-donating ability and electron-accepting ability. These two effects are assumed to be independent of each other and therefore can be written as a linear combination:

  9. Electromeric effect - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromeric_effect

    The term electromeric effect is no longer used in standard texts and is considered as obsolete. [1] The concepts implied by the terms electromeric effect and mesomeric effect are absorbed in the term resonance effect. [2] This effect can be represented using curved arrows, which symbolize the electron shift, as in the diagram below: