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  2. Biracial and multiracial identity development - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biracial_and_multiracial...

    The variant approach is one of the most contemporary racial development theories, explaining racial identity cultivation is a process that takes place over a series of stages according to age. [15] Starting in the 1980s, new researchers sought to explain that mixed-race individuals comprised their own racial category, establishing an ...

  3. William E. Cross Jr. - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_E._Cross_Jr.

    William E. Cross Jr. (1940 - December 6, 2024) was a theorist and researcher in the field of ethnic identity development, specifically Black identity development. [1] He is best known for his nigrescence model, first detailed in a 1971 publication, and his book, Shades of Black, published in 1991.

  4. Nigrescence - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigrescence

    His theory assumed that African Americans are "believed to be socialized into the predominant culture, which resulted in diminished racial identification", [1] and thus the Nigrescence model posits that an encounter with an instance of racism or racial discrimination may precipitate the exploration and formation of racial identity, and foster a ...

  5. Identity formation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identity_formation

    Identity formation, also called identity development or identity construction, is a complex process in which humans develop a clear and unique view of themselves and of their identity. Self-concept, personality development, and values are all closely related to identity formation. Individuation is also a critical part of identity formation.

  6. Kenneth and Mamie Clark - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_and_Mamie_Clark

    This upbringing gave her a unique perspective on how society treated White and Black people differently. This realization contributed to her future research of racial identity in Black children. [9] Despite the small number of opportunities for Black students to pursue higher education, Phipps Clark was offered several scholarships for college.

  7. Racial-ethnic socialization - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial-ethnic_socialization

    Cultural socialization is the mode by which parents of ethnic children communicate cultural values and history to address ethnic and racial issues. [4] Research has consistently linked cultural socialization with positive psycho-social outcomes such as a decrease in anxiety, anger, depressive symptoms, and overall psychological distress as a result of facing discrimination. [4]

  8. When Trump attacks Harris’ racial identity, these Americans ...

    www.aol.com/news/trump-attacks-harris-racial...

    Model and media personality Amber Rose, who is biracial and a fervent Trump supporter, echoed that point in a recent interview, drawing a contrast between her own approach to racial identity. “I ...

  9. Black psychology - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Psychology

    Janet Helms: Well known for her study of ethnic minority issues, specifically for her racial identity theory that has been applied across disciplines. Linda James Myers: Professor of African-American Psychology at Ohio State University. She is known for her critiques of traditional, Euro-centric psychology. [63]