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Bradyphrenia is the slowness of thought common to many disorders of the brain. [1] Disorders characterized by bradyphrenia include Parkinson's disease and forms of schizophrenia consequently causing a delayed response and fatigue. [2]
Bradykinesia has been shown to precede impairment of executive functions, working memory, and attention. [ 11 ] [ 31 ] These cognitive deficiencies can be tied to nonfunction of the basal ganglia and prefrontal cortex , which is also linked to the motor-dysfunction of hypokinesia. [ 11 ]
Parkinsonism is a clinical syndrome characterized by tremor, bradykinesia (slowed movements), rigidity, and postural instability. [1] [2] Both hypokinetic (bradykinesia and akinesia) as well as hyperkinetic (cogwheel rigidity and tremors at rest) features are displayed by Parkinsonism. [3]
Bradykinesia and akinesia: the former is slowness of movement, while the latter is the absence of it. [1] It is the most characteristic clinical feature of PD, and is associated with difficulties along the whole course of the movement process, from planning to initiation and finally execution of a movement. [1]
Hypokinetic movement disorders fall into one of four subcategories: akinesia (lack of movement), hypokinesia (reduced amplitude of movements), bradykinesia (slow movement), and rigidity. In primary movement disorders, the abnormal movement is the primary manifestation of the disorder.
Pseudoparkinsonism: drug-induced parkinsonism (rigidity, bradykinesia, tremor, masked facies, shuffling gait, stooped posture, sialorrhoea, and seborrhoea; greater risk in the elderly). [2] Although Parkinson's disease is primarily a disease of the nigrostriatal pathway and not the extrapyramidal system, loss of dopaminergic neurons in the ...
Bradykinesia describes difficulties in motor planning, beginning, and executing, resulting in overall slowed movement with reduced amplitude that affects sequential and simultaneous tasks. [22] Bradykinesia can also lead to hypomimia , reduced facial expressions. [ 21 ]
Parkinson-plus syndromes (PPS) are a group of neurodegenerative [1] diseases featuring the classical features of Parkinson's disease (tremor, rigidity, akinesia/bradykinesia, and postural instability) with additional features that distinguish them from simple idiopathic Parkinson's disease (PD).