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For example, one study [12] used serial passage in baboons to create a strain of HIV-2 that is particularly virulent to baboons. Typical strains of HIV-2 only infect baboons slowly. [ 12 ] This specificity makes it challenging for scientists to use HIV-2 in animal models of HIV-1, because the animals in the model will only show symptoms slowly.
Especially for the social sciences, this model helps to provide an integrative, foundational model for interdisciplinary collaboration, teaching and research (see The Four Central Questions of Biological Research Using Ethology as an Example – PDF).
Biological processes are regulated by many means; examples include the control of gene expression, protein modification or interaction with a protein or substrate molecule. Homeostasis: regulation of the internal environment to maintain a constant state; for example, sweating to reduce temperature
Aside from helping scientists understand the function of gene, observing behavior or some other variable before and after deletion can create an argument for its necessity if a behavior or system ceases to function. Allada et al. performed a knockout of the drosophila gene CLOCK, a gene earlier identified as a circadian gene via forward genetics.
How nature sets the disproportionate numbers of particles remain unclear, but can be found using the theory of diffusion. One example is the number of neurotransmitters around 2000 to 3000 released during synaptic transmission, that are set to compensate the low copy number of receptors, so the probability of activation is restored to one. [19 ...
A functional response in ecology is the intake rate of a consumer as a function of food density (the amount of food available in a given ecotope).It is associated with the numerical response, which is the reproduction rate of a consumer as a function of food density.
Griffith's experiment discovering the "transforming principle" in Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcal) bacteria. Griffith's experiment, [1] performed by Frederick Griffith and reported in 1928, [2] was the first experiment suggesting that bacteria are capable of transferring genetic information through a process known as transformation.
A simplification of an allopatric speciation experiment where two lines of fruit flies are raised on maltose and starch media. Laboratory experiments of speciation have been conducted for all four modes of speciation: allopatric, peripatric, parapatric, and sympatric; and various other processes involving speciation: hybridization, reinforcement, founder effects, among others.