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Prenatal cocaine exposure (PCE), theorized in the 1970s, occurs when a pregnant woman uses cocaine including crack cocaine and thereby exposes her fetus to the drug.Babies whose mothers used cocaine while pregnant supposedly have increased risk of several different health issues during growth and development and are colloquially known as crack babies.
[16] [17] [18] Discrimination due to illicit drug use was the most commonly reported type of discrimination among Blacks and Latinos in a 2003 study of minority drug users in New York City, double to triple that due to race. [19] People who use legal drugs such as tobacco and prescription medications may also face discrimination. [20] [21] [22]
Crack baby is a term for a child born to a mother who used crack cocaine during her pregnancy. The threat that cocaine use during pregnancy poses to the fetus is now considered exaggerated. [ 27 ] Studies show that prenatal cocaine exposure (independent of other effects such as, for example, alcohol, tobacco, or physical environment) has no ...
Cardiac muscles become more sensitive to cocaine in pregnancy, in the presence of increasing progesterone concentrations. [86] Cocaine use leads to increased risk for perinatal outcomes: preterm delivery, low birth weight (less than 2500 grams) or reduced birth rate, small size and earlier gestational age at delivery. [87]
Various paraphernalia used to smoke crack cocaine, including a homemade crack pipe made out of an empty plastic water bottle.. In a study done by Roland Fryer, Steven Levitt, and Kevin Murphy, a crack index was calculated using information on cocaine-related arrests, deaths, and drug raids, along with low birth rates and media coverage in the United States.
First, it seeks to identify and address gender-based differences and inequalities in all health initiatives; and second, it works to implement initiatives that address women's specific health needs that are a result either of biological differences between women and men (e.g. maternal health) or of gender-based discrimination in society (e.g ...
The Tyrer-Cuzek Risk Assessment Calculator was released in 2017 by Jack Cuzick, PhD, whose work has been funded by the Breast Cancer Research Foundation since 2011. The online questionnaire ...
A 2004 study by Ted Joyce concluded that the negative association between legalized abortion and crime rates reported in Donohue and Levitt's study was actually due to unmeasured period effects from, among other factors, changes in crack cocaine use. [12]