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Ionic micelles are typically very affected by the salt concentration. In ionic micelles the monomers are typically fully ionized, but the high electric field strength at the surface of the micelles will cause adsorption of some proportion of the free counter-ions.
The shape and size of a micelle are a function of the molecular geometry of its surfactant molecules and solution conditions such as surfactant concentration, temperature, pH, and ionic strength. The process of forming micelles is known as micellisation and forms part of the phase behaviour of many lipids according to their polymorphism. [5]
When the monomers are achiral, both P-and M-helices are formed in equal amounts. When the monomers are chiral, typically due to the presence of one or more stereocenters in the side chains, the diastereomeric relationship between P- and M-helices leads to the preference of one conformation over the other.
Note 1: Usually the chain-ends are ions, although ions can also be located ionic on the monomer molecules, as in an activated-monomer polymerization. Note 2: The ions may also be present in the form of higher aggregates that usually are less reactive than non-aggregated species. Modified from the earlier definition. [1]
The CMC is different for each surfactant, as is the number of monomers which make up the micelle, termed the aggregation number (AN). [5] Table 1 lists some common detergents used to form micelles along with their CMC and AN where available.
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A monomer is dispersed or emulsified in a solution of surfactant and water, forming relatively large droplets in water. Excess surfactant creates micelles in the water. Small amounts of monomer diffuse through the water to the micelle. A water-soluble initiator is introduced into the water phase where it reacts with monomer in the micelles.