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Borax "dihydrate" has the formula Na 2 B 4 O 7 ·2H 2 O, which is actually anhydrous, with the correct formula Na 2 B 4 O 5 (OH) 4. It can be obtained by heating the "decahydrate" or "pentahydrate" to above 116-120 °C. [20] Anhydrous borax is sodium tetraborate proper, with formula Na 2 B 4 O 7. It can be obtained by heating any hydrate to 300 ...
Borax (Na 2 B 4 O 5 (OH) 4 · 8 H 2 O [2]) is a borate mineral found in evaporite deposits of alkaline lacustrine environments and as a surface efflorescence in arid regions. It is the chief mineral mined from the deposits at Boron, California and nearby locations, and is the chief source of commercial borax.
The solution of orthoboric acid and borax in 4:5 ratio is used as a fire retarding agent of wood by impregnation. [38] It is also used in the manufacturing of ramming mass, a fine silica-containing powder used for producing induction furnace linings and ceramics. Boric acid is added to borax for use as welding flux by blacksmiths. [39]
Alkalinity (from Arabic: القلوية, romanized: al-qaly, lit. 'ashes of the saltwort') [1] is the capacity of water to resist acidification. [2] It should not be confused with basicity, which is an absolute measurement on the pH scale. Alkalinity is the strength of a buffer solution composed of weak acids and their conjugate bases.
Thus borax, for example, is still often described as a decahydrate Na 2 B 4 O 7 ·10H 2 O, with the implied anion [B 4 O 7] 2−, whereas the correct formula is Na 2 B 4 O 5 (OH) 4 ·8H 2 O, with anion [B 4 O 5 (OH) 4] 2−. The following table gives some of the crystalline sodium borates in this family. [2]
Unlike silicates, boron minerals never contain boron with coordination number greater than four. A typical motif is exemplified by the tetraborate anions of the common mineral borax, shown at left. The formal negative charge of the tetrahedral borate center is balanced by metal cations in the minerals, such as the sodium (Na +) in borax. [1]
Borate concentration (giving buffering capacity) can vary from 10 mM to 100 mM. As BBS is used to emulate physiological conditions (as in animal or human body), the pH value is slightly alkaline, ranging from 8.0 to 9.0. NaCl gives the isotonic (mostly used 150 mM NaCl corresponds to physiological conditions: 0.9% NaCl) salt concentration.
Saponification is a process of cleaving esters into carboxylate salts and alcohols by the action of aqueous alkali.Typically aqueous sodium hydroxide solutions are used. [1] [2] It is an important type of alkaline hydrolysis.
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