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  2. Quantification (science) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantification_(science)

    The ease of quantification is one of the features used to distinguish hard and soft sciences from each other. Scientists often consider hard sciences to be more scientific or rigorous, but this is disputed by social scientists who maintain that appropriate rigor includes the qualitative evaluation of the broader contexts of qualitative data.

  3. Evolution as fact and theory - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution_as_fact_and_theory

    Professor of biology Jerry Coyne sums up biological evolution succinctly: [3]. Life on Earth evolved gradually beginning with one primitive species – perhaps a self-replicating molecule – that lived more than 3.5 billion years ago; it then branched out over time, throwing off many new and diverse species; and the mechanism for most (but not all) of evolutionary change is natural selection.

  4. Evolution - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution

    Evolution is the change in the heritable characteristics of biological populations over successive generations. [1] [2] It occurs when evolutionary processes such as natural selection and genetic drift act on genetic variation, resulting in certain characteristics becoming more or less common within a population over successive generations. [3]

  5. Introduction to evolution - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Introduction_to_evolution

    In biology, evolution is the process of change in all forms of life over generations, and evolutionary biology is the study of how evolution occurs. Biological populations evolve through genetic changes that correspond to changes in the organisms ' observable traits .

  6. Evolutionary biology - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_biology

    It is also defined as the study of the history of life forms on Earth. Evolution holds that all species are related and gradually change over generations. [1] In a population, the genetic variations affect the phenotypes (physical characteristics) of an organism.

  7. Natural history - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_history

    Still, the traditions of natural history continue to play a part in the study of biology, especially ecology (the study of natural systems involving living organisms and the inorganic components of the Earth's biosphere that support them), ethology (the scientific study of animal behavior), and evolutionary biology (the study of the ...

  8. Biological rules - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_rules

    The pygmy mammoth is an example of insular dwarfism, a case of Foster's rule, its unusually small body size an adaptation to the limited resources of its island home.. A biological rule or biological law is a generalized law, principle, or rule of thumb formulated to describe patterns observed in living organisms.

  9. Evolutionism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionism

    Charles Darwin, whose On the Origin of Species introduced the theory of evolution to society at large, photographed in 1881. Evolutionism is a term used (often derogatorily) to denote the theory of evolution. Its exact meaning has changed over time as the study of evolution has progressed.