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  2. List of biophysically important macromolecular crystal ...

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_biophysically...

    Myoglobin sketch Alpha helix. 1958 – Myoglobin was the very first crystal structure of a protein molecule. [2] Myoglobin cradles an iron-containing heme group that reversibly binds oxygen for use in powering muscle fibers, and those first crystals were of myoglobin from the sperm whale, whose muscles need copious oxygen storage for deep dives.

  3. Lyotropic liquid crystal - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyotropic_liquid_crystal

    Examples of lyotropic liquid crystals can also be generated using 2D nanosheets. The most striking example of a true nematic phase has been demonstrated for many smectite clays . The issue of the existence of such a lyotropic phase was raised by Langmuir in 1938, [ 12 ] but remained an open question for a very long time and was only confirmed ...

  4. Crystallography - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystallography

    Crystallography ranges from the fundamentals of crystal structure to the mathematics of crystal geometry, including those that are not periodic or quasicrystals. At the atomic scale it can involve the use of X-ray diffraction to produce experimental data that the tools of X-ray crystallography can convert into detailed positions of atoms, and ...

  5. Ionic crystal - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionic_crystal

    In chemistry, an ionic crystal is a crystalline form of an ionic compound. They are solids consisting of ions bound together by their electrostatic attraction into a regular lattice . Examples of such crystals are the alkali halides , including potassium fluoride (KF), potassium chloride (KCl), potassium bromide (KBr), potassium iodide (KI ...

  6. List of states of matter - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_states_of_matter

    Time crystals: A state of matter where an object can have movement even at its lowest energy state. Hidden states of matter : Phases that are unattainable or do not exist in thermal equilibrium, but can be induced e.g. by photoexcitation .

  7. Crystal chemistry - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_Chemistry

    Fundamentals of crystallography: crystal systems, Miller Indices, symmetry elements, bond lengths and radii, theoretical density; Crystal and glass structure prediction: Pauling's and Zachariasen’s rules; Phase diagrams and crystal chemistry (including solid solutions) Imperfections (including defect chemistry and line defects) Phase transitions

  8. Crystal - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal

    A crystal's crystallographic forms are sets of possible faces of the crystal that are related by one of the symmetries of the crystal. For example, crystals of galena often take the shape of cubes, and the six faces of the cube belong to a crystallographic form that displays one of the symmetries of the isometric crystal system. Galena also ...

  9. Crystal structure - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_structure

    All crystals have translational symmetry in three directions, but some have other symmetry elements as well. For example, rotating the crystal 180° about a certain axis may result in an atomic configuration that is identical to the original configuration; the crystal has twofold rotational symmetry about this axis.

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