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The type of stone most suitable for making millstones is a siliceous rock called burrstone (or buhrstone), an open-textured, porous but tough, fine-grained sandstone, or a silicified, fossiliferous limestone. In some sandstones, the cement is calcareous. [42] On a historical scale, it seems that most types of rock have been used in milling.
The majority of the quarrying for such use took place along the eastern edges of the Peak District. Millstone Edge was a significant source whilst abandoned millstones can be seen below the edges at Stanage, Froggatt and Baslow. Bramley Fall stone is a notable type of Millstone Grit sourced from around the village of Bramley, near Leeds. [7]
The Mühlsteinbrüche ("Millstone Quarries") south of Jonsdorf in the Zittau Mountains in Saxony are a region of bizarre rock formations, which have been formed by the quarrying of sandstone for millstones and also by weathering processes. They are a popular hiking and climbing area.
However, such rocks are not always available, meaning that quern-stones have been manufactured from a wide variety of rocks, including sandstone, quartzite and limestone. Quernmore Crag near Lancaster in England is named after the quarrying of millstone grit used to make quern stones in these parts.
The Millstone Grit Group is a formal stratigraphic term for this sequence of rocks. The gritstone edges of the Peak District are an important climbing area and the rock is much relished by English climbers, among whom it has almost cult status and is often referred to as "God's own rock". [3]
The larger part of the national park is formed in sedimentary rocks from the Carboniferous period (359 - 299 Ma). In stratigraphic sequence i.e. youngest at the top, the sequence consists of: [3] Pennine Coal Measures Group; Millstone Grit Group; Yoredale Group (Asbian - Yeadonian) Stainmore Formation; Alston Formation (inc Gayle Limestone ...
The natural condition for the quernstone and millstone production in the area is the rock type garnet mica schist. The quarries are located from the shoreline up until approx. 200 m above sea level, but a majority is situated less than one kilometer from the sea and closest harbor.
The many sandstones within the Millstone Grit sequence have been used locally for the construction of buildings and dry stone walls. The Chatsworth Grit has also proved suitable for making millstones. Besides the widespread mining of coal, ironstone, clay and fire-clay have been extracted from the Coal Measures sequence.
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