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The method is based on the observation that, for any integer >, one has: = {() /, /,. If the exponent n is zero then the answer is 1. If the exponent is negative then we can reuse the previous formula by rewriting the value using a positive exponent.
Inputs An integer b (base), integer e (exponent), and a positive integer m (modulus) Outputs The modular exponent c where c = b e mod m. Initialise c = 1 and loop variable e′ = 0; While e′ < e do Increment e′ by 1; Calculate c = (b ⋅ c) mod m; Output c; Note that at the end of every iteration through the loop, the equation c ≡ b e ...
Exponentiation with negative exponents is defined by the following identity, which holds for any integer n and nonzero b: =. [1] Raising 0 to a negative exponent is undefined but, in some circumstances, it may be interpreted as infinity (). [22]
In general, the following identity holds for all non-negative integers m and n, = = + . This is structurally identical to the property of exponentiation that a m a n = a m + n.. In general, for arbitrary general (negative, non-integer, etc.) indices m and n, this relation is called the translation functional equation, cf. Schröder's equation and Abel equation.
They may also be performed, in a similar way, on variables, algebraic expressions, [2] and more generally, on elements of algebraic structures, such as groups and fields. [3] An algebraic operation may also be defined more generally as a function from a Cartesian power of a given set to the same set. [4]
When the exponent is zero, the result is always 1 (e.g. is always rewritten to 1). [17] However , being undefined, should not appear in an expression, and care should be taken in simplifying expressions in which variables may appear in exponents.
The third power of the trinomial a + b + c is given by (+ +) = + + + + + + + + +. This can be computed by hand using the distributive property of multiplication over addition and combining like terms, but it can also be done (perhaps more easily) with the multinomial theorem.
The exponential of a variable is denoted or , with the two notations used interchangeably. It is called exponential because its argument can be seen as an exponent to which a constant number e ≈ 2.718, the base, is raised. There are several other definitions of the exponential function, which are all equivalent ...