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  2. Z-test - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z-test

    The z-test for comparing two proportions is a statistical method used to evaluate whether the proportion of a certain characteristic differs significantly between two independent samples. This test leverages the property that the sample proportions (which is the average of observations coming from a Bernoulli distribution ) are asymptotically ...

  3. 68–95–99.7 rule - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/68–95–99.7_rule

    For an approximately normal data set, the values within one standard deviation of the mean account for about 68% of the set; while within two standard deviations account for about 95%; and within three standard deviations account for about 99.7%. Shown percentages are rounded theoretical probabilities intended only to approximate the empirical ...

  4. Test statistic - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Test_statistic

    (z is the distance from the mean in relation to the standard deviation of the mean). For non-normal distributions it is possible to calculate a minimum proportion of a population that falls within k standard deviations for any k (see: Chebyshev's inequality). Two-sample z-test

  5. Standard score - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_score

    Comparison of the various grading methods in a normal distribution, including: standard deviations, cumulative percentages, percentile equivalents, z-scores, T-scores. In statistics, the standard score is the number of standard deviations by which the value of a raw score (i.e., an observed value or data point) is above or below the mean value of what is being observed or measured.

  6. Prediction interval - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prediction_interval

    For example, to calculate the 95% prediction interval for a normal distribution with a mean (μ) of 5 and a standard deviation (σ) of 1, then z is approximately 2. Therefore, the lower limit of the prediction interval is approximately 5 ‒ (2⋅1) = 3, and the upper limit is approximately 5 + (2⋅1) = 7, thus giving a prediction interval of ...

  7. Standard normal table - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_normal_table

    These probabilities are calculations of the area under the normal curve from the starting point (0 for cumulative from mean, negative infinity for cumulative and positive infinity for complementary cumulative) to Z. Example: To find 0.69, one would look down the rows to find 0.6 and then across the columns to 0.09 which would yield a ...

  8. Musk's X ineffective against surge in US election ... - AOL

    www.aol.com/news/musks-x-ineffective-against...

    Of the 283 misleading X posts that CCDH analyzed, 209, or 74% of the posts, did not show accurate notes to all X users correcting false and misleading claims about the elections, the report said.

  9. Unbiased estimation of standard deviation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unbiased_estimation_of...

    One way of seeing that this is a biased estimator of the standard deviation of the population is to start from the result that s 2 is an unbiased estimator for the variance σ 2 of the underlying population if that variance exists and the sample values are drawn independently with replacement. The square root is a nonlinear function, and only ...

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