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Sustained scientific debate, sometimes scientific controversy [1] or persistent disagreement, [2] is any a substantial disagreement among scientists. A scientific controversy may involve issues such as the interpretation of data , which ideas are most supported by evidence , and which ideas are most worth pursuing.
Mechanical equivalent of heat: James Prescott Joule, Julius von Mayer [5]; Stationary-action principle: Pierre Louis Maupertuis, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz [6]; Radio waves: James Clerk Maxwell, Oliver Lodge, Heinrich Hertz, David Edward Hughes [7]
Climate change denial#Discussing specific aspects of climate change science; Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change#Challenges and controversies (the IPCC assessment reports, like the most recent IPCC Sixth Assessment Report summarise the state of the art of climate science at the time).
[263] [264] A 2023 report in Science noted that at least 21% of Dias's 2013 doctoral thesis had been plagiarised. [265] As of 2024, Dias has had five of his research papers retracted, and five other papers have received an expression of concern. [266] [267]
There are many philosophical and historical theories as to how scientific consensus changes over time. Because the history of scientific change is extremely complicated, and because there is a tendency to project "winners" and "losers" onto the past in relation to the current scientific consensus, it is very difficult to come up with accurate and rigorous models for scientific change. [17]
One line of debate is between two points of view: that of psychological nativism, i.e., the language ability is somehow "hardwired" in the human brain, and usage based theories of language, according to which language emerges through to brain's interaction with environment and activated by general dispositions for social interaction and ...
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The United in Science 2022 report is published by the WMO, summarizing latest climate science-related updates and assessing recent climate change mitigation progress as "going in the wrong direction". [577] [578] 14 September A new deep learning technique enables year-round measurements of sea ice thickness in the Arctic. [579] [580]