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1909 – Paul Ehrlich proposes "immune surveillance" hypothesis of tumor recognition and eradication; 1911 – 2nd demonstration of filterable agent that caused tumors (Peyton Rous) 1917 – Hapten (Karl Landsteiner) 1921 – Cutaneous allergic reactions (Otto Prausnitz and Heinz Küstner) 1924 – Reticuloendothelial system
An immune response is a physiological reaction which occurs within an organism in the context of inflammation for the purpose of defending against exogenous factors. These include a wide variety of different toxins, viruses, intra- and extracellular bacteria, protozoa, helminths, and fungi which could cause serious problems to the health of the host organism if not cleared from the body.
The ability of the immune system to respond to pathogens is diminished in both the young and the elderly, with immune responses beginning to decline at around 50 years of age due to immunosenescence. [ 112 ] [ 113 ] In developed countries , obesity , alcoholism , and drug use are common causes of poor immune function, while malnutrition is the ...
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to immunology: . Immunology – study of all aspects of the immune system in all organisms. [1] It deals with the physiological functioning of the immune system in states of both health and disease; malfunctions of the immune system in immunological disorders (autoimmune diseases, hypersensitivities, immune deficiency ...
Immunization (commonly referred to as vaccination) is the deliberate induction of an immune response, and represents the single most effective manipulation of the immune system that scientists have developed. [6] Immunizations are successful because they utilize the immune system's natural specificity as well as its inducibility. [citation needed]
Immunology is the study of the immune system during health and disease. Below is a list of immunology-related articles. Below is a list of immunology-related articles. Contents
Immunology is a branch of biology and medicine [1] that covers the study of immune systems [2] in all organisms.. Immunology charts, measures, and contextualizes the physiological functioning of the immune system in states of both health and diseases; malfunctions of the immune system in immunological disorders (such as autoimmune diseases, hypersensitivities, [3] immune deficiency, [4] and ...
The innate immune system or nonspecific immune system [1] is one of the two main immunity strategies in vertebrates (the other being the adaptive immune system). The innate immune system is an alternate defense strategy and is the dominant immune system response found in plants , fungi , prokaryotes , and invertebrates (see Beyond vertebrates ).