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A direct-shift gearbox (DSG, German: Direktschaltgetriebe [1]) [2] [3] is an electronically controlled, dual-clutch, [2] multiple-shaft, automatic gearbox, in either a transaxle or traditional transmission layout (depending on engine/drive configuration), with automated clutch operation, and with fully-automatic [2] or semi-manual gear selection.
If the transmission control unit senses a critical fault during driving, it will activate an emergency operating mode: Upon hydraulic failures, it will stop shifting gears and permanently retain the currently selected gear; if the failure can be pinpointed to one of the internal hydraulic control valves, the transmission will continue shifting but stop using the affected gear(s).
[2] [20] The first use of a PDK in competition was the 1985 Porsche 962 C Le Mans racing car, which won the World Sportscar Championship in 1986. [2] [21] The PDK transmission was also used in the 1985 Audi Sport Quattro S1 Group B rally car. [7] [22] The first mass-production passenger car to use a DCT was the 2003 Volkswagen Golf R32. [2] [6] [9]
This all makes wet clutches better suited for use in DCTs, and thus Ford experienced problems with models of the transmission which used dry clutch packs. Ford has faced class-action lawsuits and fraud investigations in the United States, [ 4 ] Australia [ 5 ] and Canada [ 6 ] over the PowerShift gearbox as being defective and potentially ...
The transaxle configuration combines the gearbox and final drive in one housing and is only built in individual cases; In the transverse direction, the gearbox and final drive are very often combined in one housing due to the much more restricted space available; Every type of transmission occurs in every type of installation.
Customers include McLaren, Ferrari, Lamborghini, Audi, Maserati, Alfa Romeo and Aston Martin, while some Mercedes-AMG models use the Graziano Power Transfer Unit. [3] [4] Competitors are Germans ZF Friedrichshafen, Getrag and BorgWarner which produce modules for the Volkswagen DSG gearbox. [5]
Increasing the use of electronics on the car allowed engineers to modify the settings of certain parameters whilst it was on the track, which is called bi-directional telemetry. Among the electronic driving aids were a semi-automatic transmission, an anti-lock braking system (ABS), a traction control system, and active suspension.
For older transmissions, using a freewheel may reduce shift time, as it may not be necessary to use the clutch. A shift kit is also intended to reduce the shift time of a manual vehicle. With a manual transmission, upshift time can be reduced by installing a lighter flywheel. During an upshift, the engine speed must decrease to synchronize with ...