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Addition, subtraction and multiplication of complex numbers can be naturally defined by using the rule = along with the associative, commutative, and distributive laws. Every nonzero complex number has a multiplicative inverse. This makes the complex numbers a field with the real numbers as a subfield.
In mathematics, complex multiplication (CM) is the theory of elliptic curves E that have an endomorphism ring larger than the integers. [1] Put another way, it contains the theory of elliptic functions with extra symmetries, such as are visible when the period lattice is the Gaussian integer lattice or Eisenstein integer lattice.
For any two complex numbers, conjugation is distributive over addition, subtraction, multiplication and division: [ref 1] + ¯ = ¯ + ¯, ¯ = ¯ ¯, ¯ = ¯ ¯, ¯ = ¯ ¯, A complex number is equal to its complex conjugate if its imaginary part is zero, that is, if the number is real.
(A variant of this can also be used to multiply complex numbers quickly.) Done recursively , this has a time complexity of O ( n log 2 3 ) {\displaystyle O(n^{\log _{2}3})} . Splitting numbers into more than two parts results in Toom-Cook multiplication ; for example, using three parts results in the Toom-3 algorithm.
Multiplication by a positive number preserves the order: For a > 0, if b > c, then ab > ac. Multiplication by a negative number reverses the order: For a < 0, if b > c, then ab < ac. The complex numbers do not have an ordering that is compatible with both addition and multiplication. [30]
As a quaternion consists of two independent complex numbers, they form a four-dimensional vector space over the real numbers. The multiplication of quaternions is not quite like the multiplication of real numbers, though; it is not commutative – that is, if p and q are quaternions, it is not always true that pq = qp.
A unit complex number in the circle group represents ... This isomorphism has the geometric interpretation that multiplication by a unit complex number is a proper ...
Karatsuba multiplication of az+b and cz+d (boxed), and 1234 and 567 with z=100. Magenta arrows denote multiplication, amber denotes addition, silver denotes subtraction and cyan denotes left shift. (A), (B) and (C) show recursion with z=10 to obtain intermediate values. The Karatsuba algorithm is a fast multiplication algorithm.