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Blood compatibility testing is routinely performed before a blood transfusion.The full compatibility testing process involves ABO and RhD (Rh factor) typing; screening for antibodies against other blood group systems; and crossmatching, which involves testing the recipient's blood plasma against the donor's red blood cells as a final check for incompatibility.
The Colton antigen system (Co) is present on the membranes of red blood cells and in the tubules of the kidney [1] and helps determine a person's blood type. The Co antigen is found on a protein called aquaporin-1 which is responsible for water homeostasis and urine concentration. [2]
Intravascular hemolysis is the state when the red blood cell ruptures as a result of the complex of complement autoantibodies attached (fixed) on the surfaces of RBCs attack and rupture RBCs' membranes, or a parasite such as Babesia exits the cell that ruptures the RBC's membrane as it goes. [4]
An antibody elution removes bound antibody from the surface of a red blood cell to aid in the antibody identification process. An antibody elution is a clinical laboratory diagnostic procedure which removes sensitized antibodies from red blood cells, in order to determine the blood group system antigen the antibody targets. [1]
Therefore, it is not necessary to transfuse antigen-negative blood components for most patients. Lewis antibodies are generally reactive at room temperature and only occasionally at 37 C and AHG phase (antihuman globulin). Lewis antibodies are not a cause of hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn (HDFN), as stated below.
A clinically significant antibody is an antibody that is capable of causing in vitro hemolysis or a decreased survival of transfused donor red blood cells. [7] Antibodies to high frequency antigens can be assessed for clinical significance using the monocyte monolayer assay.
In drug-induced nonautoimmune hemolytic anemia, red blood cells (RBC) are destroyed from various non-immune mechanisms such as direct oxidative stress from certain drugs. [1] This is in contrast to drug-induced autoimmune hemolytic anemia where certain drugs result in the formation of antibodies against RBCs, resulting in hemolysis.
The Kidd antigen system (also known as Jk antigen) are proteins found in the Kidd's blood group, which act as antigens, i.e., they have the ability to produce antibodies under certain circumstances. The Jk antigen is found on a protein responsible for urea transport in the red blood cells and the kidney. [1] They are important in transfusion ...