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2. Topsoil - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topsoil

   Topsoil is composed of mineral particles and organic matter and usually extends to a depth of 5-10 inches (13–25 cm). Together these make a substrate capable of holding water and air which encourages biological activity.

3. Sodium adsorption ratio - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_adsorption_ratio

   The sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) is an irrigation water quality parameter used in the management of sodium-affected soils.It is an indicator of the suitability of water for use in agricultural irrigation, as determined from the concentrations of the main alkaline and earth alkaline cations present in the water.

4. Residual sodium carbonate index - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Residual_Sodium_Carbonate...

   When dissolved sodium in comparison with dissolved calcium and magnesium is high in water, clay soil swells or undergoes dispersion which drastically reduces its infiltration capacity. [ 1 ] In the dispersed [ clarification needed ] soil structure , the plant roots are unable to spread deeper into the soil due to lack of moisture.

5. Percolation test - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percolation_test

   A percolation test (colloquially called a perc test) is a test to determine the water absorption rate of soil (that is, its capacity for percolation) in preparation for the building of a septic drain field (leach field) or infiltration basin. [1] The results of a percolation test are required to design a septic system properly.

6. Infiltration (hydrology) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infiltration_(hydrology)

   The available volume for additional water in the soil depends on the porosity of the soil [7] and the rate at which previously infiltrated water can move away from the surface through the soil. The maximum rate at that water can enter soil in a given condition is the infiltration capacity.

7. Base-cation saturation ratio - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base-cation_saturation_ratio

   Base-cation saturation ratio (BCSR) is a method of interpreting soil test results that is widely used in sustainable agriculture, supported by the National Sustainable Agriculture Information Service (ATTRA) [1] and claimed to be successfully in use on over a million acres (4,000 km 2) of farmland worldwide.