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An Internet Protocol address (IP address) is a numerical label such as 192.0.2.1 that is assigned to a device connected to a computer network that uses the Internet Protocol for communication. [1] [2] IP addresses serve two main functions: network interface identification, and location addressing.
Used for link-local addresses [5] between two hosts on a single link when no IP address is otherwise specified, such as would have normally been retrieved from a DHCP server 172.16.0.0/12 172.16.0.0–172.31.255.255 1 048 576: Private network Used for local communications within a private network [3] 192.0.0.0/24 192.0.0.0–192.0.0.255 256
While IPv4 uses 32 bits for addressing, yielding c. 4.3 billion (4.3 × 10 9) addresses, IPv6 uses 128-bit addresses providing c. 3.4 × 10 38 addresses. Although adoption of IPv6 has been slow, as of January 2023 [update] , most countries in the world show significant adoption of IPv6, [ 10 ] with over 41% of Google's traffic being carried ...
Each IP address consists of a network prefix followed by a host identifier. In the classful network architecture of IPv4, the three most significant bits of the 32-bit IP address defined the size of the network prefix for unicast networking, and determined the network class A, B, or C. [3]
This field is the IP checksum of outer header. Source IP Address: 32 bits This field is the IP address of the encapsulator. Destination IP Address: 32 bits This field is the IP address of the decapsulator. Options: 0 - 320 bits, padded to multiples of 32 bits This field in general is NOT copied from the inner IP header. New options can be added.
The number of addresses usable for addressing specific hosts in each network is always 2 N - 2, where N is the number of rest field bits, and the subtraction of 2 adjusts for the use of the all-bits-zero host value to represent the network address and the all-bits-one host value for use as a broadcast address. Thus, for a Class C address with 8 ...
Users type in domain names, such as example.org, which the computer's DNS software looks up in the DNS databases to retrieve an IP address, and then hands off that address to the protocol stack for further communications. [5] Looking up an address using DNS requires the IP address of the DNS server to be known.
These include standard IP addresses and TCP and UDP port numbers. sys/un.h: PF_UNIX and PF_LOCAL address family. Used for local communication between programs running on the same computer. arpa/inet.h: Functions for manipulating numeric IP addresses. netdb.h: Functions for translating protocol names and host names into numeric addresses.