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The history of North Africa has been divided into its prehistory, its classical period, the arrival and spread of Islam, the colonial period, and finally the post-independence era, in which the current nations were formed. The region has been influenced by many diverse cultures.
During the Younger Dryas 12,500–11,500 years ago, the North Atlantic and Europe became much colder again and there was a phase of drought in the area of the African humid period, [659] extending over both East Africa, [z] [661] where lake levels dropped in eastern Africa, [662] southern Africa, [663] equatorial Africa [664] and West Africa.
Under such a scenario, a peak discharge of over 100,000,000 cubic metres per second (3.5 × 10 9 cu ft/s) occurred with water velocities of over 40 metres per second (131 ft/s; 144 km/h; 89 mph); such flow rates are about a thousand times larger than the discharge of the Amazon River and ten times as much as the Missoula floods. [26]
Northern Africa in antiquity (map related to the period under Roman rule) The history of North Africa during the period of classical antiquity (c. 8th century BCE – 5th century CE) can be divided roughly into the history of Egypt in the east, the history of ancient Libya in the middle and the history of Numidia and Mauretania in the west.
A relief map of northwestern North Africa A relief map of Egypt, with the Qattara Depression shown in blue. The Sahara Sea was the name of a hypothetical macro-engineering project which proposed flooding endorheic basins in the Sahara with waters from the Atlantic Ocean or Mediterranean Sea.
Abstract imagery, widened subsistence strategies, and other "modern" behaviors have been discovered from that period in Africa, especially South, North, and East Africa. The Blombos Cave site in South Africa, for example, is famous for rectangular slabs of ochre engraved with geometric designs. Using multiple dating techniques, the site was ...
A phase of intense aridity around 2200 BC is recorded across North Africa, [16] the Middle East, [17] the Red Sea, [18] the Arabian Peninsula, [19] the Indian subcontinent, [6] and midcontinental North America. [20] Glaciers throughout the mountain ranges of western Canada advanced around that time. [21] Iceland also experienced glacial advance ...
When insolation in North Africa is at its peak during the precession cycle the easterly trade winds over the equatorial Atlantic are strongly diverted toward the Sahara. This diversion weakens the equatorial upwelling zone in the eastern equatorial Atlantic, resulting in warmer waters in the pelagic .