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Eukaryotic translation is the biological process by which messenger RNA is translated into proteins in eukaryotes. It consists of four phases: initiation, elongation, termination, and recapping. It consists of four phases: initiation, elongation, termination, and recapping.
The process of amino acid building to create protein in translation is a subject of various physic models for a long time starting from the first detailed kinetic models such as [24] or others taking into account stochastic aspects of translation and using computer simulations. Many chemical kinetics-based models of protein synthesis have been ...
Bacterial translation is the process by which messenger RNA is ... The post-termination complex formed by the end of the termination step consists of mRNA with the ...
The eIF2 alpha subunit is characterized by an OB-fold domain and two beta strands. This subunit helps to regulate translation, as it becomes phosphorylated to inhibit protein synthesis. [2] The eIF4F complex supports the cap-dependent translation initiation process and is composed of the initiation factors eIF4A, eIF4E, and eIF4G.
Transcription is the process by which the information contained in a section of DNA is replicated in the form of a newly assembled piece of messenger RNA (mRNA). Enzymes facilitating the process include RNA polymerase and transcription factors. In eukaryotic cells the primary transcript is pre-mRNA. Pre-mRNA must be processed for translation to ...
Illustrates the translation process showing the cycle of tRNA codon-anti-codon pairing and amino acid incorporation into the growing polypeptide chain by the ribosome. A ribosome on a strand of mRNA with tRNA's arriving, performing codon-anti-codon base pairing, delivering their amino acid to the growing polypeptide chain and leaving.
Amino acid activation is a prerequisite to the initiation of translation and protein synthesis. Peptide bond formation is an endergonic, thermodynamically unfavorable process, so amino acids must be activated by covalent linkage to tRNA molecules. The energy stored within the aminoacyl-tRNA bond is used to drive peptide bond formation.
Because of the laboriousness of the translation process, since the 1940s efforts have been made, with varying degrees of success, to automate translation or to mechanically aid the human translator. [3] More recently, the rise of the Internet has fostered a world-wide market for translation services and has facilitated "language localisation". [4]
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