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  2. Slavery in medieval Europe - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery_in_medieval_Europe

    In the middle of the 14th century, Murad I built his own personal slave army called the Kapıkulu. The new force was based on the sultan’s right to a fifth of the war booty, which he interpreted to include captives taken in battle. The captive slaves were converted to Islam and trained in the sultan’s personal service. [100]

  3. Forced conversion - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forced_conversion

    New York Times summarised the view of Hindu groups that these seemingly voluntary conversions "take place under such economic duress that they are tantamount to a forced conversion anyway." [183] In October 2020, the Pakistani High Court upheld the validity of a forced marriage between 44-year-old Ali Azhar and 13-year-old Christian Arzoo Raja.

  4. Spread of Islam - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spread_of_Islam

    The spread of Islam spans almost 1,400 years. The early Muslim conquests that occurred following the death of Muhammad in 632 CE led to the creation of the caliphates, expanding over a vast geographical area; conversion to Islam was boosted by Arab Muslim forces expanding over vast territories and building imperial structures over time.

  5. Early Muslim conquests - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Muslim_conquests

    This is an accepted version of this page This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 22 December 2024. Expansion of the Islamic state (622–750) For later military territorial expansion of Islamic states, see Spread of Islam. Early Muslim conquests Expansion under Muhammad, 622–632 Expansion under the Rashidun Caliphate, 632–661 Expansion under the Umayyad Caliphate, 661–750 Date ...

  6. Forced assimilation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forced_assimilation

    Forced assimilation is the involuntary cultural assimilation of religious or ethnic minority groups, during which they are forced by a government to adopt the language, national identity, norms, mores, customs, traditions, values, mentality, perceptions, way of life, and often the religion and ideology of an established and generally larger community belonging to a dominant culture.

  7. Population transfer - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_transfer

    Population exchange is the transfer of two populations in opposite directions at about the same time. In theory at least, the exchange is non-forcible, but the reality of the effects of these exchanges has always been unequal, and at least one half of the so-called "exchange" has usually been forced by the stronger or richer participant.

  8. Forced marriage - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forced_marriage

    This practice has taken place recently in countries such as Syria, Sierra Leone, Uganda and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Historically, this was common throughout the world, with women from the communities of the war enemy being considered "spoils of war", who could be kidnapped, raped and forced into marriage or sexual slavery". [ 108 ]

  9. Infantry in the Middle Ages - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infantry_in_the_Middle_Ages

    The English gave back a "spear's length", leaving the two bodies spear fencing at a distance of 10–15 ft. [21] This idea of a space between the battlelines in which combat takes place also features in some reconstructions of shield wall combat. [22] Others see the clash of shield walls as involving the physical impact of one line with the ...