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Evidence-based, trauma-focused psychotherapy is the first-line treatment for PTSD. [1] [2] [3] Psychotherapy is defined as a treatment where a therapist and patient build a therapeutic relationship and focus on the patient's thoughts, attitudes, affect, behavior, and social development to lessen the patient's psychopathologies and functional impairment.
Imaginal exposure is repeated 'on-purpose' retelling of the trauma memory. In vivo exposure is gradually confronting situations, places, and things that are reminders of the trauma or feel dangerous (despite being objectively safe). Additional procedures include processing of the trauma memory and breathing retraining.
PTSD or post-traumatic stress disorder, is a psychiatric disorder characterised by intrusive thoughts and memories, dreams or flashbacks of the event; avoidance of people, places and activities that remind the individual of the event; ongoing negative beliefs about oneself or the world, mood changes and persistent feelings of anger, guilt or fear; alterations in arousal such as increased ...
The American Psychological Association suggests EMDR may be useful for treating adult PTSD. [6] Treatment guidelines note EMDR effectiveness is statistically the same as trauma-focused behavioral therapy, and the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council notes that this may be due to including most of the core elements of ...
Memantine was shown in a study to act as an agonist at the dopamine D 2 high receptor with equal or slightly higher affinity than to the NMDA receptors. [41] However, the relevance of this action may be negligible, as studies have shown very low affinity for binding to D 2 receptors in general. [42]
Dopamine therapy is the regulation of levels of the neurotransmitter dopamine through the use of either agonists, or antagonists; and has been used in the treatment of disorders characterized by a dopamine imbalance. Dopamine replacement therapy (DRT) is an effective treatment for patients with decreased levels of dopamine.
Guanfacine has been studied as a treatment for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Evidence of efficacy in adults is limited, but one study found positive results in children with comorbid ADHD. [64] It may be also useful in adult PTSD patients who do not respond to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). [65]
Drug titration is the process of adjusting the dose of a medication for the maximum benefit without adverse effects. [ 1 ] When a drug has a narrow therapeutic index , titration is especially important, because the range between the dose at which a drug is effective and the dose at which side effects occur is small. [ 2 ]