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  2. Types of social groups - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Types_of_Social_Groups

    A reference group is a group to which an individual or another group is compared, used by sociologists in reference to any group that is used by an individual as a standard for evaluating themselves and their own behavior. More simply, as explained by Thompson and Hickey (2005), such groups are ones "that people refer to when evaluating their ...

  3. Community structure - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_structure

    Fig. 1: A sketch of a small network displaying community structure, with three groups of nodes with dense internal connections and sparser connections between groups.. In the study of networks, such as computer and information networks, social networks and biological networks, a number of different characteristics have been found to occur commonly, including the small-world property, heavy ...

  4. Fixed effects model - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fixed_effects_model

    The group means could be modeled as fixed or random effects for each grouping. In a fixed effects model each group mean is a group-specific fixed quantity. In panel data where longitudinal observations exist for the same subject, fixed effects represent the subject-specific means.

  5. Multilevel model - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multilevel_model

    At Level 1, both the intercepts and slopes in the groups can be either fixed (meaning that all groups have the same values, although in the real world this would be a rare occurrence), non-randomly varying (meaning that the intercepts and/or slopes are predictable from an independent variable at Level 2), or randomly varying (meaning that the ...

  6. Group development - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_development

    The relation track deals with the interpersonal relationships between the group members. At times, the group may stop its work on the task and work instead on its relationships, share personal information or engage in joking. Topic track: The topic track includes a series of issues or concerns the group have over time Breakpoints:

  7. Member check - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_check

    The second uses a member check group session with each group member being shown a summary of the analysis. Regardless of the method used to peer review or member check research it must be done to ensure quality research and improve upon the research being performed before it is submitted for publication and considered as a reliable study.

  8. Seven management and planning tools - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Management_and...

    Affinity diagram. Affinity diagrams are a special kind of brainstorming tool that organize large amount of disorganized data and information into groupings based on natural relationships. It was created in the 1960s by the Japanese anthropologist Jiro Kawakita. It is also known as KJ diagram, after Jiro Kawakita. An affinity diagram is used when:

  9. Affinity diagram - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affinity_diagram

    Affinity wall diagram. The affinity diagram is a business tool used to organize ideas and data. It is one of the Seven Management and Planning Tools.People have been grouping data into groups based on natural relationships for thousands of years; however, the term affinity diagram was devised by Jiro Kawakita in the 1960s [1] and is sometimes referred to as the KJ Method.