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The Free and Open Press: The Founding of American Democratic Press Liberty, 1640–1800 (2012). Nelson, Harold Lewis, ed. Freedom of the Press from Hamilton to the Warren Court (Bobbs-Merrill Company, 1967) Powe, Lucas A. The Fourth Estate and the Constitution: Freedom of the Press in America (Univ of California Press, 1992) Ross, Gary.
The survey asks questions about direct attacks on journalists and the media and other indirect sources of pressure against the free press, such as non-governmental groups. In 2022, the eight countries with the most press freedom are, in order: Norway, Denmark, Sweden, Estonia, Finland, Ireland, Portugal, and Costa Rica.
The history of American journalism began in 1690, when Benjamin Harris published the first edition of "Public Occurrences, Both Foreign and Domestic" in Boston. Harris had strong trans-Atlantic connections and intended to publish a regular weekly newspaper along the lines of those in London, but he did not get prior approval and his paper was suppressed after a single edition. [1]
Americans are losing faith in the news media–but there is ample empirical proof that a free press is the secret to U.S. economic success J.J. Colao December 19, 2023 at 10:35 AM
American Press Co., 297 U. S. 233." [78] The Free Exercise Clause offers a double protection, for it is a shield not only against outright prohibitions with respect to the free exercise of religion, but also against penalties on the free exercise of religion and against indirect governmental coercion. [79] Relying on Employment Division v.
The Press and America: An Interpretive History of the Mass Media 9th ed. (1999), standard textbook; best place to start. Kotler, Johathan and Miles Beller. American Datelines: Major News Stories from Colonial Times to the Present. (2003) Kuypers, Jim A. Partisan Journalism: A History of Media Bias in the United States. (2014). ISBN 978-1442225930
Independent media refers to any media, such as television, newspapers, or Internet-based publications, that is free of influence by government or corporate interests. The term has varied applications. Independence stands as a cornerstone principle within media policy and the freedom of the press, representing an "essentially contested concept ...
It is also important to look at women in American politics and how they are portrayed in the media, as they are largely under represented in the news. "For example, Rakow and Kranich (1991), in their study of three network news programs, found that women were used as on camera sources only 15% of the time". [ 30 ]