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Vacuum permittivity, commonly denoted ε 0 (pronounced "epsilon nought" or "epsilon zero"), is the value of the absolute dielectric permittivity of classical vacuum. It may also be referred to as the permittivity of free space, the electric constant, or the distributed capacitance of the vacuum.
The vacuum permittivity ε o (also called permittivity of free space or the electric constant) is the ratio D / E in free space. It also appears in the Coulomb force constant , k e = 1 4 π ε 0 {\displaystyle k_{\text{e}}={\frac {1}{\ 4\pi \varepsilon _{0}\ }}}
μ 0 ≈ 12.566 × 10 −7 H/m is the magnetic constant, also known as the permeability of free space, ε 0 ≈ 8.854 × 10 −12 F/m is the electric constant, also known as the permittivity of free space, c is the speed of light in free space, [9] [10] The reciprocal of Z 0 is sometimes referred to as the admittance of free space and ...
magnetostatics (ratio of the permeability of a specific medium to free space) Relative permittivity = electrostatics (ratio of capacitance of test capacitor with dielectric material versus vacuum) Specific gravity: SG (same as Relative density) Stefan number: Ste
The permeability of vacuum (also known as permeability of free space) is a physical constant, denoted μ 0. The SI units of μ are volt-seconds per ampere-meter, equivalently henry per meter. Typically μ would be a scalar, but for an anisotropic material, μ could be a second rank tensor.
ε 0 is the electric constant (a universal constant, also called the permittivity of free space) (ε 0 ≈ 8.854 187 817 × 10 −12 F/m) This relation is known as Gauss's law for electric fields in its integral form and it is one of Maxwell's equations.
where e is the elementary charge, ħ is the reduced Planck constant, c is the speed of light in vacuum, and ε 0 is the permittivity of free space. The fine-structure constant is fixed to the strength of the electromagnetic force. At low energies, α ≈ 1 / 137 , whereas at the scale of the Z boson, about 90 GeV, one measures α ≈ ...
In free space, where ε = ε 0 and μ = μ 0 are constant everywhere, Maxwell's equations simplify considerably once the language of differential geometry and differential forms is used. The electric and magnetic fields are now jointly described by a 2-form F in a 4-dimensional spacetime manifold.