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Systematics – Branch of biology Cladogram – Diagram used to show relations among groups of organisms with common origins; Phylogenetic tree – Branching diagram of evolutionary relationships between organisms; Phylogenetics – Study of evolutionary relationships between organisms
The idea of a tree of life arose from ancient notions of a ladder-like progression from lower into higher forms of life (such as in the Great Chain of Being).Early representations of "branching" phylogenetic trees include a "paleontological chart" showing the geological relationships among plants and animals in the book Elementary Geology, by Edward Hitchcock (first edition: 1840).
The most common formulation of a branching process is that of the Galton–Watson process.Let Z n denote the state in period n (often interpreted as the size of generation n), and let X n,i be a random variable denoting the number of direct successors of member i in period n, where X n,i are independent and identically distributed random variables over all n ∈{ 0, 1, 2, ...} and i ∈ {1 ...
Since Merge is an operation that combines two elements, a node under the Minimalist Program needs to be binary just as in the X-bar theory, although there is a difference between the theories in that under the X-bar theory, the directionality of branching is fixed in accordance with the principles-and-parameters model (not with the X-bar theory ...
The Galton–Watson process is a branching stochastic process arising from Francis Galton's statistical investigation of the extinction of family names. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] The process models family names as patrilineal (passed from father to son), while offspring are randomly either male or female, and names become extinct if the family name line dies ...
Latin words for branch are ramus or cladus. The latter term is an affix found in other modern words such as cladodont (prehistoric sharks with branched teeth), cladode (flattened leaf-like branches), or cladogram (a branched diagram showing relations among organisms).
In computer science, a binary decision diagram (BDD) or branching program is a data structure that is used to represent a Boolean function. On a more abstract level, BDDs can be considered as a compressed representation of sets or relations. Unlike other compressed representations, operations are performed directly on the compressed ...
A tree structure, tree diagram, or tree model is a way of representing the hierarchical nature of a structure in a graphical form. It is named a "tree structure" because the classic representation resembles a tree , although the chart is generally upside down compared to a biological tree, with the "stem" at the top and the "leaves" at the bottom.