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The result shows that E. faecalis from the sand is very small compared to that from human shedding. Although this result may not apply to all sand types, a tentative conclusion is that human shedding is a major non-point source of E. faecalis in recreational waters. [37]
Enterococcus faecium is a Gram-positive, gamma-hemolytic or non-hemolytic bacterium in the genus Enterococcus. [1] It can be commensal (innocuous, coexisting organism) in the gastrointestinal tract of humans and animals, [ 2 ] but it may also be pathogenic , causing diseases such as neonatal meningitis or endocarditis .
Enterococcus is a large genus of lactic acid bacteria of the phylum Bacillota.Enterococci are Gram-positive cocci that often occur in pairs or short chains, and are difficult to distinguish from streptococci on physical characteristics alone. [2]
It is the only other known enterococcal species besides E. faecium and E. faecalis known to cause outbreaks and spread in hospitals. [7] A study published in 2018 found that this infectious gut bacterium can translocate (spread) to other organs such as the lymph nodes, liver, and spleen, triggering an autoimmune reaction in humans and mice.
Many former group D streptococci have been reclassified and placed in the genus Enterococcus (including E. faecalis, E. faecium, E. durans, and E. avium). [22] For example, Streptococcus faecalis is now Enterococcus faecalis. E. faecalis is sometimes alpha-hemolytic and E. faecium is sometimes beta hemolytic. [23]
Species of Alcaligenes typically occur in soil and water or decaying materials and dairy products.A. faecalis is commonly found in the intestinal tracts of vertebrates, and is found as a harmless saprophyte in 5% – 19% of the human population.
The classification assigns a letter code to each serotype. There are 20 described serotypes assigned the letters A to V (excluding E, I and J). [3] Bacteria of the genus Enterococcus, formerly known as group D streptococci, were classified as members of the genus Streptococcus until 1984 and are included in the original Lancefield grouping. [4]
Vancomycin. Six different types of vancomycin resistance are shown by enterococcus: Van-A, Van-B, Van-C, Van-D, Van-E and Van-G. [4] The significance is that Van-A VRE is resistant to both vancomycin and teicoplanin, [5] Van-B VRE is resistant to vancomycin but susceptible to teicoplanin, [6] [7] and Van-C is only partly resistant to vancomycin.