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Most sorbitol is made from potato starch, but it is also found in nature, for example in apples, pears, peaches, and prunes. [4] It is converted to fructose by sorbitol-6-phosphate 2-dehydrogenase. Sorbitol is an isomer of mannitol, another sugar alcohol; the two differ only in the orientation of the hydroxyl group on carbon 2. [5]
It is also called the sorbitol-aldose reductase pathway. The pathway is implicated in diabetic complications, especially in microvascular damage to the retina, [2] kidney, [3] and nerves. [4] Sorbitol cannot cross cell membranes, and, when it accumulates, it produces osmotic stresses on cells by drawing water into the insulin-independent ...
A prune is a dried plum, most commonly from the European plum (Prunus domestica) tree.Not all plum species or varieties can be dried into prunes. [3] A prune is the firm-fleshed fruit (plum) of Prunus domestica varieties that have a high soluble solids content, and do not ferment during drying. [4]
Sorbitan is produced by the dehydration of sorbitol and is an intermediate in the conversion of sorbitol to isosorbide.The dehydration reaction usually produces sorbitan as a mixture of five- and six-membered cyclic ethers (1,4-anhydrosorbitol, 1,5-anhydrosorbitol and 1,4,3,6-dianhydrosorbitol) [3] with the five-membered 1,4-anhydrosorbitol form being the dominant product.
Pear trees, both domestic and perry varieties, grow incredibly slowly, taking up to, if not over, a decade before they bear enough fruit for harvest. [10] They also grow to a considerable height and can have very large canopies; the largest recorded , a tree at Holme Lacy , which still partly survives, covered three-quarters of an acre and ...
Fruit sugars add sweetness, humectancy, and surface browning, and control water activity. Fruit acids, such as malic acid and tartaric acid, contribute to flavor enhancement. The high drying and processing temperatures, the intrinsic low pH of the fruit, and the low water activity (moisture content) in dried fruit make them a stable food.
The Reichstein process in chemistry is a combined chemical and microbial method for the production of ascorbic acid from D-glucose that takes place in several steps. [1] This process was devised by Nobel Prize winner Tadeusz Reichstein and his colleagues in 1933 while working in the laboratory of the ETH in Zürich.
The carbohydrate composition in agave syrup depends on the species from which the syrup was made. [1] In A. tequilana (blue agave), the syrup contains some 56% to 60% fructose, 20% glucose, and trace amounts of sucrose, [1] [6] whereas in A. salmiana, sucrose is the main sugar. [1]