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Acute dystonia nearly always develops a few weeks after a dopamine blocking agent/medication has begun or a substantial increase in antipsychotic dosage. An acute dystonic reaction consists of sustained, painful muscular spasms, producing twisting of the trunk/body and abnormal posture.
Primary dystonia is suspected when the dystonia is the only sign and there is no identifiable cause or structural abnormality in the central nervous system. Researchers suspect it is caused by a pathology of the central nervous system , likely originating in those parts of the brain concerned with motor function—such as the basal ganglia and ...
Causes: Neuroleptic medications (antipsychotics), metoclopramide [1] [2] Diagnostic method: Based on symptoms after ruling out other potential causes [1] Differential diagnosis: Huntington's disease, cerebral palsy, Tourette syndrome, dystonia [2] Prevention: Using lowest possible dose of neuroleptic medication [3] Treatment
Dystonia is a disorder of involuntary muscle contractions that may cause repetitive and/or abnormal movement or postures.
Medications are used to reverse the symptoms of extrapyramidal side effects caused by antipsychotics or other drugs, by either directly or indirectly increasing dopaminergic neurotransmission. The treatment varies by the type of the EPS, but may involve anticholinergic agents such as procyclidine , benztropine , diphenhydramine , and ...
When the throat muscles are involved, this type of dystonia is called an acute laryngospasm and is a medical emergency because it can impair breathing. [4] Older antipsychotics such as haloperidol or fluphenazine are more likely to cause acute dystonia than newer agents. Giving high doses of antipsychotics by injection also increases the risk ...
Oculogyric crisis (OGC) is a rare sudden, paroxysmal, dystonic reaction that may manifest in response to specific drugs, particularly neuroleptics, or medical conditions, such as movement disorders. This neurological phenomenon is characterized by a sustained dystonic, conjugate , involuntary upward deviation of both eyes lasting seconds to hours.
Treatment was based on the theory that there is an imbalance of the neurotransmitter dopamine in the basal ganglia. These drugs have fallen out of fashion due to various serious side effects: sedation, parkinsonism, and tardive dyskinesia. [16] Other oral medications can be used in low doses to treat early stages of spasmodic torticollis.
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