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Cycle of research and development Spending on research and development as share of GDP (2015). Research and development (R&D or R+D), [1] known in some countries as experiment and design, is the set of innovative activities undertaken by corporations or governments in developing new services or products.
Research development (RD) is a set of strategic, proactive, catalytic, and capacity-building activities designed to facilitate individual faculty members, teams of researchers, and central research administrations in attracting extramural research funding, creating relationships, and developing and implementing strategies that increase institutional competitiveness.
Few dedicated management models for R&D exist. Among the more popularized ones are Arthur D. Little's Third generation R&D management, [5] the Development funnel, [6] the Phase–gate model All these models are concerned with improving R&D performance and result productivity, managing R&D as a process, and providing the R&D function with an environment in which the inherent technological and ...
Federally funded research and development centers (FFRDCs) are public-private partnerships that conduct research and development for the United States Government.Under Federal Acquisition Regulation § 35.017, FFRDCs are operated by universities and corporations to fulfill certain long-term needs of the government that "...cannot be met as effectively by existing in-house or contractor resources."
Artistic research, also seen as 'practice-based research', can take form when creative works are considered both the research and the object of research itself. It is the debatable body of thought which offers an alternative to purely scientific methods in research in its search for knowledge and truth.
According to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, ″Gross domestic spending on R&D is defined as the total expenditure (current and capital) on R&D carried out by all resident companies, research institutes, university and government laboratories, etc., in a country.
Since the 1960s, private businesses in the U.S. have provided an increasing share of funding for research and development, as direct federal funding waned. [1] Research and development intensity (R&D intensity) is generally defined as expenditures by a firm on its research and development divided by the firm's sales. [2]
"Directly supervising qualified research" is the first-line supervision of qualified research. This does not include the higher-level managers to whom the first-line supervisors report. "Supporting qualified research" includes an employee's time spent aiding the direct conduct of research and development.