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Manual therapy, or manipulative therapy, is a treatment primarily used by physical therapists and occupational therapists to treat musculoskeletal pain and disability. It mostly includes kneading and manipulation of muscles, joint mobilization and joint manipulation .
For chronic low back pain, massage therapy was no better than no treatment for both pain and function, though only in the short-term. [119] The overall quality of the evidence was low and the authors conclude that massage therapy is generally not an effective treatment for low back pain. [119]
For neck pain, manipulation and mobilization produce similar changes, and manual therapy and exercise are more effective than other strategies. [12] A 2015 Cochrane systematic review found that there is no high-quality evidence assessing the effectiveness of spinal manipulation for treating neck pain. [13]
Activation of trigger points may be caused by a number of factors, including acute or chronic muscle overload, activation by other trigger points (key/satellite, primary/secondary), disease, psychological distress (via muscle hypertonia), systemic inflammation, homeostatic imbalances, direct trauma to the region, collision trauma (such as a car crash which stresses many muscles and causes ...
The McKenzie method is a technique primarily used in physical therapy.It was developed in the late 1950s by New Zealand physiotherapist Robin McKenzie. [1] [2] [3] In 1981 he launched the concept which he called "Mechanical Diagnosis and Therapy (MDT)" – a system encompassing assessment, diagnosis and treatment for the spine and extremities.
A few low-quality studies have suggested that the activator may be as effective as manual adjustment in treatment of back pain. [20] A single high-quality study has suggested that activator-assisted manipulation directed by leg-length testing was significantly inferior to manual spinal manipulation guided by palpation and was more similar to ...
As a result, McKenzie principles are used by many physical therapists in the treatment of low back pain, whereas Williams Exercises are no longer taught as a physical therapy protocol. This is supported by evidence which demonstrates improved functional outcomes for the McKenzie approach in comparison to the Williams exercises.
Counterstrain is a technique used in osteopathic medicine, osteopathy, physical therapy, massage therapy, and chiropractic to treat somatic dysfunction. [1] It is a system of diagnosis and treatment that uses tender points, which are produced by trauma, inflammation, postural strain, or disease, to identify structures to manipulate. [2]