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Physical development. Typically grows between 1 and 1.5 inches (2.5 and 3.8 cm) and gains about 2 pounds (910 g). [20] Motor development. Hands kept in tight fists. [21] Equal movement of arms and legs on both sides. [21] Able to briefly hold up head when in prone position. [21] Arm thrusts are jerky. [22] Brings hands close to eyes and mouth. [22]
Early childhood development is the period of rapid physical, psychological and social growth and change that begins before birth and extends into early childhood. [1] While early childhood is not well defined, one source asserts that the early years begin in utero and last until 3 years of age.
The development of the human mind is complex and a debated subject, and may take place in a continuous or discontinuous fashion. [4] Continuous development, like the height of a child, is measurable and quantitative, while discontinuous development is qualitative, like hair or skin color, where those traits fall only under a few specific phenotypes. [5]
Developmental change may occur as a result of genetically controlled processes, known as maturation, [4] or environmental factors and learning, but most commonly involves an interaction between the two. Development may also occur as a result of human nature and of human ability to learn from the environment.
Developmental psychology employs many of the research methods used in other areas of psychology. However, infants and children cannot be tested in the same ways as adults, so different methods are often used to study their development. Developmental psychologists have a number of methods to study changes in individuals over time.
Developmental drive is the inherent natural tendency of organisms and their ontogenetic trajectories to change in a particular direction (i.e. a bias towards a certain ontogenetic trajectory). [ 14 ] [ 5 ] [ 6 ] This type of bias is thought to facilitate adaptive evolution by aligning phenotypic variability with the direction of selection.
It is organized into a five-part axis system that includes the following domains: clinical disorders, relational context, medical and developmental conditions, psychosocial stressors, and functional emotional development. The manual has been translated into several languages and is used globally to assess children up to five years of age.
They created a three-stage model of development (e.g., basic, foundational, and societal). Bijou and Baer looked at these socially determined stages, as opposed to organizing behavior into change points or cusps (behavioral cusp). [4] In the behavioral model, development is considered a behavioral change.