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On October 2, 1901, a former milk wagon horse named Jim showed signs that he had contracted tetanus and was euthanized. He was used to produce serum containing diphtheria antitoxin (antibodies against diphtheria toxin). Jim produced over 30 US quarts (7.5 US gallons; 28.5 litres) of diphtheria antitoxin in his career.
Due to its many twists and turns, it is a common place for a type of horse colic called an impaction. [ 1 ] [ 11 ] The small colon is also 10 to 12 feet (3.0 to 3.7 m) long, holds about 5 US gallons (19 L), is the area where the majority of water is absorbed, and where fecal balls are formed.
Low potassium is caused by increased excretion of potassium, decreased consumption of potassium rich foods, movement of potassium into the cells, or certain endocrine diseases. [3] Excretion is the most common cause of hypokalemia and can be caused by diuretic use, metabolic acidosis , diabetic ketoacidosis , hyperaldosteronism , and renal ...
Choke is a condition in horses in which the esophagus is blocked, usually by food material. Although the horse is still able to breathe, it is unable to swallow, and may become severely dehydrated . A secondary condition, aspiration pneumonia , may also develop if food material and saliva accumulate in the pharynx, spilling into the trachea and ...
Horses are best managed by only allowing short grazing periods—less than 1 hour since they can rapidly ingest grass, [18] or confining them to a limited turn-out area or by use of a grazing muzzle. Horses with severe IR, that have recurrent laminitis, are not recommended to return to pasture. Hay low in NSC is provided in place of pasture.
Hypokalemia (a decreased potassium level in the blood) is usually present during attacks. The condition may be life-threatening if weakness of the breathing muscles leads to respiratory failure, or if the low potassium levels lead to abnormal heart rhythms. [1] [2] If untreated, it is typically recurrent in nature. [1]
In South America, the overall odds ratio of fatalities for male versus female horses is 1.48, although it varies from 1.30 to 1.99, depending on the racecourse. [ 28 ] Although there is mixed data, entire males are at an overall higher risk of catastrophic injury than geldings, with an overall odds ratio of 1.36, although that value is not ...
In patients with hypertension, diagnostic clues pointing to pseudohyperaldosteronism can be found on routine labwork. These include low serum potassium (hypokalemia), elevated serum sodium (hypernatremia), and elevated serum bicarbonate (metabolic alkalosis). [1] Urine studies may show elevated urine potassium . To further differentiate between ...